Browsing by Subject "Educational status"
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Item Awareness and Practice of Using Pesticides in Vegetables by the Farmers of Bhimdatta Municipality(Department of Health Education, 2018) Dhami, DeependraThepresentstudyentitledAwarenessand Practiceof Using Pesticides in Vegetablesby the Farmers of Bhimdatta Municipalitywas based upon the 114 farmersastheparticipantsofBhimdatta Municipality-18 of …..district.Theobjectivesof thiswere tofind outawareness level about pesticides application on vegetable, to find outthe process and procedure s of conducting awareness, raising programme among thefarmers by local authority and to identify the situation of the pesticide use practice invegetable.Thestudyfollowed descriptive as well as analytical research design.Interview scheduleand observation check list wereused as tool of the study. Therequired data and information were collected by taking an interview with theparticipants by the use of interview schedule by the researcher herself.Researcherwas himself made observation checklist for the approval of respondents' interview.The studywasentirelybasedonprimarysourceofdata.Thedatawereanalyzedandinterpreted manually, whichhas beenpresented in the form of tables and figures withrespective frequency and percentages. Level of awareness about pesticide user was found very poor as they used to sell andeat vegetables after one to 4 days period of pesticide application, 57.01 percentrespondents were not applied personal protective equipment (PPE), 12.28 respondentswere prepared pesticide solution. Nepal is a developing country where people arelearning by doing. 83.33 percent respondents were aware regarding the pesticide usein vegetables by district agricultural office as it was conducted programme. So as tomake people aware and 16.66 percent respondents were aware other source such asradio, T.V. and fellow farmer. 40 respondentswere having IPM knowledge but only20 respondents were applied it practically, the main reason behind of not using IPMtechnique was lack of knowledge by 61.40 percent, 17.54 percent were not used it isbecause pesticides were cheap than that technique. The situation of pesticides was inmiserable condition because, pesticides has been using massively in agro-farming.Over use or non-use of it has several acute and chronic adverse health consequences. Although, Government of Nepal has implemented IPM programme in order tominimize the use of chemicals and pesticides throughout the country, however,farmers misuse or over use pesticides is an agricultural sector. It is because,government does not provide any help and subsidies, if it provides there is lengthyItem Awareness and Practices of Tharu Women on Depo- Provera Injection in Katahri VDC, Morang(Department of Health Education, 2011) Khatiwada, KusumThis is a field base study which is conducted to find out the awareness and practices of Tharu women on Depo-Provera injection in Katahari VDC Morang Districts. 60 respondents (15-49 years) married Tharu women were selected. The main objective of this study is to analyze the level of awareness and practices of the Tharu women. However, the followings are the specific objectives of the study: to analyze the KAP of married Tharu women about Depo-Provera, to identify the problems related to the use of family planning methods, and to find out access of Depo-Provera to Tharu community of Katahari VDC. Interview schedule was formulated to collect the information of the respondent. Data were carefully checked and analyzed according to the objectives of the study. Nepal is a kaleidoscope of a number of communities. Here live many different different castes, races, and ethnic groups. They have special beliefs, identities and behaviors. Therefore, health related practices differ across communities. So far, there is no specific study on Tharus regarding family planning. Likewise GOs and NGOs are working in this field but there is no concrete evidence of effectiveness or achievement in practice of family planning in the context of Tharu women. Therefore, the problem is stated as "Awareness and Practices of Tharu women on Depo-Provera Injection in Katahari VDC of Morang District". Males are more educated in comparison to their female counterparts. Compared to 27.27 percent of male population have received primary and 29.09 percent secondary level of education- only 12.28 percent and 14.04 percent women have received primary and secondary education respectively. Similarly, Compared to male illiteracy of 21.82 percentage; 63.16 percent women had not received any formal education. And 18.18 percent of male have received higher level of education but only 3.51 percent of women have received higher level of education. This indicates a gender bias in educational status. More respondents (68.33) percent of total have got married between 13-18 years. Among them 13.33 percent, 11.67 percent and 3.33 percent have got married between the age of 19-21 years, 10-12 years and 22-24 years respectively. 46.67 percent of husbands of the respondents were married between the ages of 16-18 years, followed by 19-21 years 21.67 percent, 13-15 years 16.67 percent and 10-12 years and 22-24 years 8.33 percent and 6.67 percent respectively which is low as the average age at marriage for male is 23.6 years and 20.3 years for female. In this study, most of the respondents were informed about the devices through health workers because reaching health facility in the Tarai is easy due to favorable geographic condition. It may be attributed to the low literacy rate; very few percent of the respondents were well-versed through their spouses. Among the respondents 66.67 percent are found practicing injection Depo-Provera to delay pregnancy and 33.33 percent never practiced this contraceptive. Of all the respondents who were using injection Depo-Provera have the willingness to continue it, and 25 percent of the respondents who were not using, reported that they intend to use this device in upcoming days. On the other hand, 75 percent of the non–user respondents said that they would not use any of the contraceptive methods in future. The public sector is the predominant source of the Depo-Provera. Majority of the respondents (87.5 percent) named health post as the main source of Depo-Provera supply where as 12.5 percent named Private clinics as the source. It also indicates that nobody named NGOS/INGOS as their source of the devices. Among users nobody had the side effect of Depo-Provera, they said. Respondents don’t know how the injection works to delay pregnancy. Respondents don’t know about the hormone's name that is in the Depo-Provera. All 66.67 percent respondents, who were used Depo-Provera knew if they used Depo-Provera, they would be free from the unwanted pregnancy.Item Changing Pattern of Socio-Economic Status in Dom Community: A Case Study of Siraha Municipalitiy, Siraha District(Department of Rural Development, 2018) Yadav, Bisesawar KumarThe aim of this study is to describe the ethnography of the Dom community, a socially excluded caste group of Terai, Nepal. For this purpose, Siraha municipality of Siraha-District was selected purposively. There are total 20households of the Dom Community and their total population is 247(male:120, female:127). Descriptive and analytic methods are used in this study.Mainly primary data are used focusing on qualitative in nature.The Dom community is traditionally an occupational caste. Their main occupation is making a variety of baskets and sell them. They are Sudra and known as Achhut (Untouchable). They migrated from India to Nepal about five or six generations back. The Dom of Siraha-District is also migrated from India and they first settled at Madar, near headquarter of Siraha-district. The Dom is Hindu. They follow Hindu religion and worship Hindu Gods and Goddesses. The festivals of the Dom are similar with other Hindu castes. They mainly celebrate Dashain, Tihar, Maghe Sakranti, Chhatha Parva, Naga Panchami, Chaurchan, Jur sital, Faguwa (Holi or Hori).The Dom is poor and exploited by higher castes. Most of them are landless and uneducated. Therefore, they are backward in every field. In the study-sites, it is difficult to see their traditional type of dresses and ornaments. They speak Maithili language.However, caste based discrimination is not so rigid as it was in the past, but some discriminations can be seen clearly. The Dom is not allowed to enter the home of upper castes. They have separate tube-wells for their own usebecause they are not allowed to fetch water either from the private or publictube-wells.The Doms are not found actively participating in local and national political affairs. Most of them are only voters. They have not access in local resources management. They are not aware about to get their citizenship and to register vi the vital events. There is satisfactory trend of getting health services from governmental health offices in the Dom community.Item Conflict Resolution of Women in Sunsari District Through the Paralegal Committee(Department of Rural Development, 2006) Bhattarai, SitaConflict is a social process. It arises among the different opinion, principles and will. Social conflict is common in every village which almost arises due to class caste and sex differences. Lack of awareness most of women compel to bear exploitation and violence,which has leaded to conflict. The cost of case handling, hiring of attorney and other miscellaneous expense is increasing day by day in the formal system, in these circumstances, approaching the formal justice system is beyond the access for common people. In this context, PLC is playing a vital role as an alternative justice provider,with the aim of solving the local problems with in the same community respecting human rights, norms and values of the local people. It is based on community security system.The general objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of PLC for conflict resolution in community level and specific objectives are; to analyze the different types of violence that happens on women and to find out the effectiveness of PLC for conflict resolution in community level. For get above objectives, this study has designed both exploratory and descriptive designs.Qualitative and quantitative tools and techniques, household survey with semi structure questionnaire, focus group discussion, key informant interview and direct observation have been applied. Primary and secondary data has been collected and to analysis this data, different types of figure and table are followed. According to the findings of field survey, conflict are occurring due to the social taboo, poverty, social structure, lack of awareness and understanding,scarcity of resources, snobbery and alcoholism. Among the disputes verbal abuse and insult is more frequent case, minor physical assault, land related and money transaction cases are common and tradition related cases also has taken place in both VDCs. Poor, women and Dalits are also taking enjoying by PLC.PLC is empowering to basic law and human rights resolution is based of local need and situation at the very spot. It helps to localize the problems in grass root level. So after mediation both disputing parties feel win/win situation.This study recommended PLC as the most appropriate model for this with the following recommendation;Create a coherent legal framework for the local resolution of disputes.Community mediation forum need to be formally recognized by the state by making appropriate legal arrangement to give them a legal standing. Members of PLC need more basic and refresh training of basic law, human rights and mediation skill as well as regular monitoring and evaluation of ward and VDC level mediation process. Revised the Local Self Government Act including the part of VEC arbitration and it should be published in the Nepal Gazette.Item Demographic, Socio-Economic and Educational Status of Chepang Community(Department of Population Studies, 2017) Khatri, AnjanaThe main purpose of this study was to know the socio- economic and education status of Chepang community. The area of study was purposively selected as the Chepang community of Thakre VDC- wards 4,5,6,8 and 9 of Dhading district including the information of 130 households collected by using census method. The study was based on primary data which was obtained from the head of household of the Chepang community. The information was collected by using structured questionnaires and presented by descriptive approach. Most of the Chepangs were found to have followed agriculture as their principal occupation. 43.8 and 41.4 percent depend on agriculture and daily wages respectively, other people earn their living from small business, own industry and remittance. 48.8 percent Chepangs had their annual income between 10,000-50,000 whereas 33.8 percent households had their annual income between 60,000-1,00,000 and 17.8 percent households had their annual income above 1,00,000. Chepangs prefer nuclear family to joint one. 77.9 percent of Chepang are found to have still following Hindu Religion, 22.1 percent are Christian. The study shows that 27.6 percent of Chepangs people are illiterate can’t even read and write and 61.6 percent are literate but only 7.6 percent of them have got higher education. Awareness of the importance education is increasing in new generations than older ones. School dropout rate in primary level is 33.7 percent and in lower secondary level is 48.1 percent. 3.8 percent don’t want to go to school, 33.7 drop school due to household work, 15.6 percent due to marriage and 16.8 percent stopped going to school as they failed the exam. It is found that Chepang community is socially, economically and educationally back warded. The participation of female is lower in comparison to that of male in educational and socio-economic aspects. Chepangs, still are not able to come in the national mainstream of development mainly due to illiteracy, poor economic condition and social backwardness. Although, they are considered as back warded group by the government, still, no any intensive programmes have not been implemented to raise their living standard. Hence, it can be said that the major factors holding back the development of Chepang community are educational, economic, and social structure.Item Economic and Educational Status of Women and their Decision Making Power in Household Activities in Shsnigaun VDC of Jumla(Department of Sociology, 2014) Budha, Ratna BahadurNot availableItem Educational status of Musahar community: A case study of Chadwela VDC of Sunsari district.(Department of Rural Development, 2006) Regmi, DamodarNot availableItem Educational Status of Orphan Children (A Study of Higher Secondary School Ratanpur and Bijauri, Tripur-7, Dang)(Department of Sociology, 2017) Tamang, AshaChildren are the reflection of the socio economic reality and also who are thefuture architects and back bone of the country have inborn rights to survival,protection, education, health care, nutrition and a favorable atmosphere fordevelopment. The family is the first school of children and parents are theirfirst teacher.Children learn preliminary social requisites and acquire primaryeducational foundation from their parents in home. Parents should have greatresponsibilities and duties to rear up and educate the children. So, parent'srole is very significant in social and educational development of a child. Inevery society there are children who can't live with their natural parents for avariety of reasons. Apart from the death of one or both parents in war ornatural disasters or as a result of an accident disease orfamine there havebeen a growing number of cases in the last twenty years in which children havenot been able to remain with their families due to social circumstances. This study “Educational Status of Orphan Children” (A Study highersecondary school Ratanpur and Bijauri, Tripur-7, Dang)" is a quantitative aswell as qualitative study to analyze the educational status of the orphanchildren who were studying in these two government based school highersecondary Ratanpur and Bijauri. And other objective were to observeparticipation in the school extra curriculum activities and also to observedshelter situation of the orphan children in the society. For this study "higher secondary school Ratanpur and Bijauri" was selectedand respondents were selected purposively. The field survey, key informantinterview, observation, case study, were the techniques of data collection andquestionnaire (both structured and unstructured), key informant schedule,observation checklist were the tools for data collection. After the collection ofdata, the data were analysis both qualitatively and quantitatively. Analyses of data revealed that majority of the children in this school arefemale. Majority of children were staying with single parent mother only andother relatives. Field survey report shows that 46.67 percent respondents became orphaned in their age of 2-5 years, 40 percent in the age of 6-14 yearsand 13.33 percent became orphaned just after their birth. Here in the school there are 106 orphan children. All the children are gettingopportunity to read and write. The children are getting increase in every yearbut the resources are limited, there is a satisfaction management but still needmore resources to provide safe future for the more orphan children of Nepal. The most essential for all round development of a child is the "love, care andthe security of a family". If children grow out of this, his / her life becomes verydifficult and in most cases uncertain. In the case of Nepal the last ten years ofconflict separated many children with their parents and having orphan life. Touplift the condition of these orphan children the society, the government andthe child related organization should take initiatives.Item Educational Status of the Satar Community (A Case Study of Anarmuni VDC, Jhapa, Nepal)(Department of Rural Development, 2015) Mukhiya, ManindraSatar are the minority groups who live in eastern part of Nepal. Their access on education is poor. Illiterate do not get jobs, chances and other opportunities. Their health and social condition is very poor. And most of the illiterate come from ethnic minorities like Satar, Kami etc. In this way, society is producing unemployed, unskilled and unsocialized manpower. And, they in turn are threat to our society. Illiterate and unemployed people are involved in inhuman violence. So here the research problem is to find out the educational status of Satar community. The specific objectives are to find out the educational status of Satars, to know the enrollment condition and analyze the constraints for education to the Satar community. This research is based on the descriptive and explorative research design. Both primary and secondary sources of data collection has used on study. Among the 70 households of satars in study area 20 household are selected. During the data collection household survey, key informant interviews and focus group discussion has used as the techniques. The Satar community still lives in isolation from other communities. They still preferred habitat near the jungle for hunting and construction materials of house. They frequently change the place of living. They are cultural rich, simple and gentle but economically poor. Most of them do not have their own land. They basically depend upon wage labour at tea farming. Child marriage is prevalent within the community and fertility as well as mortality rate is high. The Satar is an ultra poor caste. Educational status is too much discouraging. Literate people are only literate; they can sign their name only. There are rare or no Satar parents who can both read and write their attitude and trend toward education is changed a little. Children's status is somewhat encouraging at primary and secondary level. But girls are very back. There were only 3 girls at secondary level. No girls were at higher level, only two boys were reading at class 12. The environment of the school and the society is not properly positive for them. This is hampering their interest of education. The Satar community is educationally vulnerable. Illiteracy is about 60 percent of the community. There are extremely few Satar people who can both read and write. Those who are literate can only read and write their name. Comparatively female's status was poor than male. Children's status is hopeful. Major socio-economic factors such as occupation, land-holding are not the crucial factors determining their educational status. But culture and tradition is a crucial socio-cultural factor. Enrolment of children at the primary level is very much encouraging. Maximum parents are sending their children to the school. They are also interested to job children at the school. Dropout situation is very high in the Satar community. It starts from the end of the primary classes. Girls have dropped the classes more than boys. There are no girls at high secondary level ad there is no one from the community at Bachelor level.Item "Indigenous Knowledge System on the Use of Medicinal Plants Among Tharu Community": (A Case Study of Motipur and Belwa VDC of Bardiya District, Nepal)(Department of Rural Development, 2008) Paudel, Devi PrasadThe present study was conducted as a case study of Indigenous Knowledge system on the use ofmedicinal plants among Tharu community with the objectives of documenting the range of thelocal people knowledge of native plants and possibility of their exploitation, and makingcomprehensive list of medicinal plant as well as the traditional use pattern of these plants by thelocal people in one or another way. In the course of study on the sdescriptive and exploratoryresearch design was used.The data collected were both qualitative and quantitative nature. Bothprimary and secondary data were used in this study. All together sample size of 95 HH wasselected from the both village by using stratified random sampling method and discussed withthem by using semi structured questionnaire to gather the required information like economicand IK system on the use of medicinal plants to cure different diseases. Nine Traditional healerswere purposively selected from in and outside the selected villages as the Key informants andother knowledgeable person i.e. two local teachers, two local social worker and two NGOsrepresentatives were alsopurposively selected as the key informants for this research study.Focus group discussion with several groups of the study area i.e. youth group, women group etcwere also conducted. Semi structured questionnaire, interview guideline, different checklists,PRA tools were used to draw information about respondent's socio economic status, healingpractices, traditional practices on mode of medicines preparation, e, storage etc. The datacollected were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Especially Gurawa and Baidawa (traditional healer of the tharu community) and elder men andwomen in the village had better understanding about IK system on the use of medicinal plant.Generally Baidawa of the study area were not found professionally engaged in it as theiroccupation but they used to provide their IK system to the villagers and engaged in herbaltreatment without any fee on compulsory. At present neither Tharu of study area totally have leftthe traditional herbal practice nor could they successfully adopted modern medicine. Sothat thistime is very challenging for them. The research has focused that the tharu people of the studyarea are rich in indigenous knowledge on the use of medicinal plants as local medicines andmajority of the respondents have positive attitude toward conservation of forest and medicinalplant resources. It is founded that the tharu people using 115 species of medicinal plantsincluding herbs; shrubs and trees. In some cases, combination of plants was found effective for thebest results. A wide range of ailments i.e. fever, common cold, heat sickness, headache,stomachache, diarrhea, dysentery, fracture, snake biting and other minor wounds or cuts weretreated locally by using the medicinal plants. It is found that people from old aged group as wellas women and economically poor people have faith in the efficiency of these medicines but theyoung and the educated people are found not much interested in the traditional healing system ofthe Gurawa and Baidawa. Conservative superstition i.e. "shearing of such IK system to other, will make it worthless"among them, lower interest of new generate on the IK systems on the use of medicinal plant,destruction of forest resources due to excessive or over exploitation, impact ofmodernization/urbanization on it, Lack of documentation of such oral IK system were foundmajor problem which might be the causes for disappearing such IK system forever. The importance of indigenous knowledgeon the use of plant as medicines should be extended inthe ground reality. Immediate or prompt action plan should be designed and implemented for thedocumentation of such oral IK system in detail and précised manner. It is necessary to carry outmore detail researches on the topic to get the real and detail information about the IK system onthe use of medicinal plants.Item Knowledge and Practice of Delivery Care(Faculty of Health Education, 2016) Acharya, AnshuThis study entitled “Knowledge and Practice of Delivery Care (A Case Study of Brahman and Limbu Communities of Solma VDC of Terhathum)” is conducted quantitatively with formulating main objective as to find out the knowledge and practice of delivery care of Brahman and Limbu community comparatively. The study has been conducted as descriptive research design (survey design) under quantitative research method. In this study the population of the study is married couple of reproductive aged who had at least one child in Solma VDC of Terhathum. In this study 60/60 married women of reproductive age and having at least one child from Brahman and Limbu community. Purposive sampling method under non probability sampling method was used in this study. Questionnaire was made the major tool for data collection and it was implemented as interview schedule method to the respondents. In this study, middle aged (30-34) women were in higher number than others. Out of total respondents 8.30 percent were of age 15-19 years which is not legal for reproduction. The overall data shows that the majority (51.70%) of the respondents have joint family. Majority (96.70%) of Brahman respondents were literate but only 42.90 percent of Limbu respondents had only lower secondary education. Out of 60 Brahman respondents 51.70 percent and out of 60 Limbu respondents more than half (55%) had taken agriculture as the main occupation. Out of 60 Brahman respondents half (50%) of them were of aged 20-24 years during first delivery whereas out of 60 Limbu respondents half (50%) of them were of age 15-19 years during first delivery. Most of the respondents (60.80%) told that the meaning of delivery is "Giving birth to the child". Among them 65 percent were Brahman and 56.70 percent were Limbu respondents. Out of 58 literate Brahman respondents majority (93.10%) had knowledge about delivery care. Out of 42 literate Limbu respondents 95.2 percent had knowledge about delivery care. Out of 60 Brahman respondents 76.7 percent had knowledge about T.T. vaccine. Out of 60 Limbu respondents 45 percent had such knowledge out of 60 Brahman respondents majority (60%) viewed that they had knowledge about eating meat/fish during and after delivery In case of Limbu respondents 55.55 percent had knowledge on eating meat/fish during delivery period. This data says that majority (57.50%) of the total respondents has knowledge on consuming meat/fish during and after delivery. Out of 60 Brahman respondents more (33.33%) viewed about the first helper of delivery mother as health worker. Similarly in Limbu respondents 45 percent out of total viewed the helper was oldest mothers as delivery helper. Out of 60 Brahman respondents more than 33 percent of them expressed about the knowledge of delivery complication by bleeding and vaginal pain whereas out of 60 Limbu respondents more than 40 percent of them expressed such knowledge. Out of total respondents' majority (70%) of them had knowledge about sanitation during delivery. Out of 60 Brahman respondents 30 percent of them used to go to health centre for delivery whereas only 25 percent Limbu respondents used to go to hospital for delivery. The statistics shows that 31.14 percent of the total respondents used to go to the health institutions at the last stage of delivery complications. Out of 60 Brahman respondents approximately half of them used to eat meat/fish after delivery as additional food and 55 percent in Limbu. Out of 60 Brahman respondents 35 percent of them were in normal personal hygiene condition and only 26.66 percent Limbu respondents were practicing normal personal hygiene. Out of 60 Brahman respondents 35 percent of them checked their health once after the delivery and 30 percent Limbu respondents checked their health to the health personnel once. Based on the above findings and conclusions, it is recommended that different programs related to health should be conducted. Social taboos, myths, superstitions and gender discrimination in the perspective of delivery care and especially on the use of balanced diet and sanitation are highly rooted in the study area so as in the Nepalese society which should be eradicated and further research should be conducted on the same topic.Item Knowledge, attitude and practice of safe abortion "A case study of Malakheti VDC in Kailali District"(Department of Rural Development, 2010) Joshi, BinduThe study entitled "knowledge, attitude and practice of Safe Abortion: A case of Malakheti VDC in Kailali District" is selected for the study because it is a major problem of Nepal the women having different socio-economic and education status of different ethnic group are involving in abortion. The main objectives of this study are to identify the knowledge, attitude and practice of safe abortion case and causes of abortion. The study area is Malakheti VDC of Kailali District. The total number of respondents are 51. The random sampling method is used for selecting the respondents. The interview schedule is used for data collections numerical statistical techniques are applied for data analysis. In this study maximum of Dalit women are involved in safe abortion. The educational status of the respondents is good. Most women have married below 18 years and they have childbirth after one year of Marriage Women received information from family, friends and health workers about safe abortion. Most women get abortion because of unwanted pregnancy than other causes. Most of women have Practice in abortion between 3 to 12 weeks of pregnancy safe abortion and major sources are communication media and friends. Women do not show interest of abortion health worker, teacher, TBA, should conduct different awareness programs of abortion in Malakhati VDC ward-3 chuki danda. WHO, INGOs Projects should lunch awareness program. Radio, TV is the third sources of knowledge about safe abortion. Radio, TV and other medias should get responsible position to provide knowledge about safe abortion.Item Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Temporary Family Planning Devices of Rishidev Community at Dewangunj VDC,Sunsari District(Faculty of Health Education, 2014) Mehta, RajkumarThis is a field based study which is conducted to find out the knowledge attitude and practices of temporary family planning devices at Musahar community in Dewangung VDC, Sunsari District 60 respondents (15-49 years) Married Musahar women were selected to collect data for the study. The main objective of the study is to analyze the level of knowledge attitude and practices of the Musahar women on temporary family planning devices. However, the following are the specific objectives of the study: to identify the knowledge of temporary family planning services available to local level, to find out the culture attitude and practices of Health service, to examine the health beliefs and cultural practices to find out demographic, economic and educational status, and to find out the reasons for the not using the contraceptives in the study area of temporary family planning to Musahar community of Dewangunj VDC. In Dewangunj VDC total population of Musahar is 450 and used simple random method i.e. lottery formulated to collect the information from the respondent. Data were carefully checked and analyzed according to the objectives of the study. Nepal is a kaleidoscope of a number of communities. There are people from different castes, races and ethnic groups. They have special beliefs, identities and behaviours. Therefore, health related practices differ across communities. So far, there is no specific study on Musahar regarding family planning. Likewise GOs and NGOs are working in this field but there is no concrete evidence of effectiveness or achievement in practice of family planning in the context of Musahar women. Therefore, the problem is stated as "A Study on Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Temporary Family Planning Devices in Musahar Community in Dewangunj VDC of Sunsari District." Males are more educated in comparison to their female counterparts. While comparing 16.67 percent of male population has received primary, 8.24 percent secondary level of education, only 16.67 percent and 8.24 percent women have received primary and secondary education respectively. Similarly, compared to male illiteracy of 70 percentages, 9.66 percent women have not received any formal education and 1.67 percent of male have received higher level of education but only 1.17 percent of women have received higher level of education. This indicates gender biasness in educational status. More respondents (68.33) percent of total have got married between 13-18 years. Among them 13.33 percent, 11.67 percent and 3.33 percent have got married between the age of 19-21 years, 10-12 years and 22-24 years respectively. 46.67 percent of husbands of the respondents were married between the age of 16-18 years, followed by 19-21 years 21.67 percent, 13-15 years 16.67 percent and 10-12 years and 22.24 years 8.33 percent and 6.67 percent respectively which is low from the average age at marriage 23.6 years and 20.3 years for female. In this study, most of the respondents were informed about the devices through health workers because reaching health facility in the Terai is easy due to favorable geographic condition. It may be attributed to the low literacy rate; very few percent of the respondents were well- versed through their spouses. Among the respondents 66.67 percent are found practicing injection Depo-Provera to delay pregnancy and 33.33 percent never practiced this contraceptives of all the respondents who were using injection Depo-Provera have the willingness to continue it, and 20 percent of respondents who were not using, reported that they intend to use this device in upcoming days on the other hand, 80 percent of the non-user respondents said that they would not use any of the contraceptive methods in future. The public sector is the predominant source of the Depo-Provera. Majority of the respondents (75) named health post as the main source of Depo-Provera supply where as 25 percent named private clinic as the source. It also indicates that nobody named NGOs/INGOs as their source of the devices. Among users nobody had the side effect of Depo-Provera, they said. Respondents don't know how the injection works to delay pregnancy. Respondents don't know about the hormone name that is in the Depo-Provera. All 66.67 percent respondents, who were used to Depo-Provera knew if they used Depo-Provera, they would be free from the unwanted pregnancy.Item Maternal Health Care Practices and Educational Status of Danuwar Women(Department of Population, 2007) Karki, Bal KrishnaThe study on "Maternal Health Care Practices and Educational Status of Danuwari Women" was carried out by collecting primary data from the study area especially of Danuwar community at Katari VDC, Udayapur. The study deals with socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the married women of reproductive age (15-49 years). The main objective of this study is to examine the relationship between maternal health care practices and educational status of Danuwar women of the study population. Education has been found to influence reproductive behaviour, the use of contraceptives, the health of mothers and hygienic habits. In order to give an insights on the Danuwari population, the sex ratio was found 97.3, currently married women 58.9 percent, widow 4.8 percent. The majority of women had got married in the interval of age group 15-19. Mean CEB for the women of the study population is 3.1. Nearly 25 percent women were illiterate. The major occupation of this community is agriculture (65.4%) followed by daily wages labour (23.9%). About 13 percent people are landless in the study area. In regarding physical facility Danuwari people had got electricity by 49.5 percent, piped water by 23.3 percent, tubel by 44.2 percent and latrin facility by 13.2 percent only. Maternal health care is very important in reducing morbidity and mortality. Seventy nine percent of mothers received antenatal care from skilled birth attendents. In addition, 24.7 percent of women received no antenatal care in health facility. Nearly 5 percent of mothers received antenatal care from doctors, 28.3 percent of mothers received ANC from Nurse/midwife and 34.5 percent received ANC from HA, AHW/MCHW where as 7.8 percent women received ANC from TBAs. Nearly 80 percent women received TT vaccine during their pregnancy whereas only 71.6 percent women received iron tablet. Nearly 61 percent women received vitamin A. About 5 percent respondents had habit of both smoking and alcohol. Twenty six percent respondent faced complication during pregnancy in the study area. Study shows that only 7 percent pregnancies were delivered by health professionals. Twenty five percent births are delivered without any assistance at all. About 93 percent pregnancies are delivered at home. Nearly 44 percent women used safe delivery kit during delivery. The postnatal care is uncommon in Nepal. About only 16 percent women received postnatal check up. The majority of the couples (almost 90%) women approved for family planning in the study area. Out of contraceptive users 63.6 percent women used depo-provera followed by 16.4 percent used condom. Twelve percent women think that there is no way to avoid HIV/AIDS. About 35 percent respondents think that AIDS can be avoided by using condoms. Nearly 20 percent by limiting sexual partner, 17.7 percent respondents think by avoiding sex with prostitutes.Item Maternal Health Care Practices and Educational Status of Muslim Women(Faculty of Health Education, 2016) Adhikari, NiluThe study entitled: Maternal health care practices and educational status of Muslim Women” was conducted in Biratnagar sub-metro politician city in Biratnagar -7 maternal health care is defined as the care that women received during pregnancy delivery and after delivery maternal health care is the major component of reproductive health .The provision of care for women during pregnancy and child birth is essential to ensure healthy and successful born infant. The main objective of the study is to find out the impact of awareness practices and complication in pregnant period. The study is done on the basis of primary sources of data .The data are collected from the study area especially of Muslim community at Biratnagar -7(Ghaspatti Chowk ). The purposive sampling techniques was employed in order to select the respondents. Therefore for all the respondent in this study were the women in age group 15 to 49 years age. Who were pregnant or having a child. The study has revealed that 24.8 percent respondents were illiterate. 27 percent are passed primary level. 18.8 percent respondents had passed lower secondary, 9.4 percent respondents had passed secondary level and 2.3 are S.L.C above. The study showed that respondents utilizing ANC of literacy education is 75.2 percent and 24.8 percent were illiterate. According to survey respondents visited for ANC services Hospital is 7.8 percent. Health post 86.5 percent ,Private clinic 5.6 percent No antennal care is 21.2 percent .There are ANC services provides during pregnancy by Dr.4.4 percent nurse/midwife 28.3 percent ,H.A AHW.MCHW 34.5 percent TBAS 7.9 percent no services 24.7 According to survey the coverage of Iron tablets 75.2 percent ,food intake during pregnancy is usual food 57.5 percent extra notorious food 42.5 percent 91 percent respondents of not take alcohol /smoking during pregnancy, 19.5 percent respondents have habit to take alcohol /smoking. 25.6 percent women are facing complication during pregnancy .93 percent respondents give birth in home utilization of safe delivery kit by respondents 43.4 percent .Respondents who received postnatal care is 15.9 percent .19 percent respondents did not take T.T vaccine. All the respondents suffered from different complication in pregnant period. Respondents had not proper knowledge about it .Respondents did not manage tools or facilities to reach HP/Hospital for delivery complication. The result of the study shows that awareness and practice on Maternal Health is in poor condition .Maternal health education is compulsory for women in fertile age. The government should launch the awareness programme about Maternal Health.Item The Nature of Child Labour: A Case Study of Dhungkharka VDC, Kavre(Department of Population Studies, 2008) Dahal, Khechar NathMost of the underdeveloped and developing countries like Nepal have serious problems and vulnerable conditions of children. It has been existing as a sensitive national problem of child labour and child exploitation against child rights. In the context of Nepal, there are different reasons of child labour i.e. poverty, illiteracy, unawareness towards child education, discrimination of gender or caste/ethnicity, ignorance and unemployment. Exploitative socio-economic structure of marginalized poor people is compelled to adopt child labour. Nepal is undergoing transitional process of social transformation. It is impossible to achieve the goal if we do not integrate fundamental principles of human rights, social justice, and inclusive democracy with child rights in practice. That will be effective means of building new Nepal. The objectives of this study is observing the nature of child works in economic and non economic activities in Tamang and Brahmin communities of the study area. It has observed about the background characteristics i.e. educational status, types of works, working hours, parental status, types of works, working hours, gender status and so on. 108 households are selected in equal proportion of each ward of VDC for the purpose of the study where their children of under 15 are being used in economic and non economic activities. A significant proportion of child labourers reported that their parents are indebted, landlessness and poor. More children have been working from their parent’s advice. Child status is categorized in different conditions i.e. schooling only, schooling/working and neither schooling nor working children of Tamang and Brahmin communities. Income and expenditure of family shows least expenditure in education. Majority of wage earning children are dissatisfied from their earning due to the low wage and worst conditions of works. But their income and expenditure have positive relationship. Most of the children in the study area are malnourished due to food deficiency and inappropriate immunization. Children are more vulnerable condition in Tamang than Brahmin community.Item Potential Development of Gravity Goods Ropeway Andits Impact on Rural Livelihood. (A case study of Gholechappra settlement at Bukhel VDC in Lalitpur district)(Department of Rural Development, 2011) Adhikari, DevendraNepal is a mountainous country. 83% of total area consists of mountains and hills.Hence inaccessibility is the greatest hindrances in the delivery of essentialservices and development as a whole. The highly challenging topography andproblematic hydro geological condition has rendered the extension of roadnetwork really capital intensive, daunting and environmental hazardous. From thegovernment data, just 62km road network was expanded in one year 2008/9.Thisdismalpicture shows the priority of Nepalgovernment in road building. In this whole scenario, Gravity goods ropeway is power to the rural economy. It isenvironment friendly and financially viable technology and has the potential toeconomically empower the marginalized people in rural area. It has supportedbetter market linkage, increased income generation activities, improve access tohealth and education services and fostered better community relation. The mechanics of gravity ropeway is very simple. It consists of two trolleys,rolling over two separate steel wire ropes (track ropes) supported and suspendedover two separate tower at the top and bottom ends. The trolleys are connectedto a single looped wire rope (hauling rope) of a smaller diameter by means ofrope ties. This hauling rope passes around the cast iron sheave fixed end. Whenthe loaded trolley rolls down by its own weight along one track from the upperstation, another trolley with lighter weight hauls up along the next track rope. Asimple brake with a rubber/wooden brake shoe is fitted to the sheave at thelower station to regulate the speed of the moving trolleys. Sustainability of a gravity ropeway by and large depends on the discretion of thesite selection. Proposed site should be evaluated against some technical,economic and social parameters. Even the technical feasibility of gravity ropewayhas bearing with socio-economic feasibility hence it should precede the technicalfeasibility. In the context of Nepal’s rural areas,clean and reliable green energy technologieslike gravity good ropeways seem to be less expensive and require less time todevelop. But still the knowledge based on technical and other socio economicaspects of gravity good ropeway is not that broad. With this limited knowledge iv base, it is difficult chart out exclusive strategies for its development. Hence moreis needed to be done in the areas of research and development. Involvement ofacademia like engineering institution would be important role in preparing oftechnical need of the rural community. They can play important role in thepreparation of technical guidelines and code of practices. Likely, social research isrequired to find the niche of gravity goods ropeway in overall transportationsector, explore its potential as the complementary means of transport, identifyexisting policy hurdle if any propose more conducive policies and strategies. In the research, it is difficult to study whole universe under study due to highcost, time consuming and complexities. Therefore, sampling plays important rolein research work. Data collected without a proper sampling procedure andsuitable sample size may not meet the objectives .Among the total number ofdirectly study affected 120 HHsat Bukhel VDC, 62 HHs were selected purposivelyby stratified sampling method and one member from each household were furtherinterviewed. Social issues related to the construction of the proposed gravity goods ropewaydug out during this research work also must be addressed. Findingof this studywill be useful for recommending planning and policy maker to formulateappropriate plans for further constructions of Gravity Goods Ropeways in ruralvillages.Item Poverty in Rural Nepal: A Case Study of Manpur Vdc, Dang District in Nepal(Department of Rural Development, 2006) Sharma, SanjayaNepal is a least developed country in the world. It has a rural economy based on agriculture and characterised by scarce and underdeveloped resources increasing inequality, illiteracy under development and increasing poverty. Poverty is the cause of conflicts, caste, ethnicity and gender discrimination.The present study has focused the poverty in Rural Nepal of Manpur VDC, Dang district. It also explains the absolute, relative and totalpoverty, identify theextent of poverty and incident of poverty in the study area. The study has been conducted in 3 ward of the Manpur VDC. There spondents were selected 70 household from ward 1, 2 and 3 on the basis of purposive sampling. In the study area the people of the household have the income Rs.15.8 per capita per day this considered as absolute poverty which was calculated from local prices of the cereal, pulse and other non-food item according to NPC and for the relative poverty is the people of the household who have income below Rs. 21 is considered as relative poverty calculated from wolf point. In the sample population male are 49.18 percent and female are 50.82 percent. In caste wise distribution of the households,Brahmin are 16.58 percent, Chhetri 17.89 percent, Tharu 33.16 percent,Dalit 15.79 percent, other 16.58 percent shown. The educated status of the sampled population 37.37 percent are illiterate and 62.63 percent are literate and in them only 23.95 percent population are upto 10 class. Theextent of poverty shows the value of Gini-coefficient of sampled household is0.31. The value of Gini-coefficent of Brahmin is0.19, Tharu is 0.2, Dalit(Kami, Damai, Sarki) is 0.21 and the value of women is 0.23. Thus to find out the value of area of concentration or extent of inequality, from the sampled household total poor are 58.57 percent, and non poor 41.43percent. In the study area the majority of economically active population are engaged in agriculture sector, but they have low productivity, lack of agriculture credit, fertilizers and irrigation, small size of land holding,backward technology, lack of market facilities and minimum basic infrastructure etc. which make them poor. The problem of poverty is different from country and even from region to region. The provision of irrigation should be spread. Improved agriculture technology, live stock development, vegetable cultivation poultry farming, compulsory and free education should be instituted for children.Most labour forced engaged in agricultural sector should be transformed toother more productive sectors and agro based industry should be established.Item Problems and Prospects of Rural Tourism in Ilam District: A Case Study of Maipokhari Tourism Area, Ilam(Faculty of Rural Development,, 2018) Kathet, TulashaThis present thesis entitled problems and prospects of tourism in Ilam district: A case study of Maipokhari tourism area of Ilam has been conducted to find out the problems and prospects of tourism and impact of tourism for the local people. To conduct this study, among the universe150 visitors 12, from 150 local households 40 and among the 10 hotels 5 hotels were selected by using purposive sampling. To analyze the data, information/data were acquired from the field visit and observation, key informants interview, questionnaire survey and focus group discussion with the tourists. The available collected data have been sincerely tabulated, processed and analyzed in accordance with a suitable format and techniques. The thesis is mainly based in explorative and descriptive design in nature. Analysis of the study found that there is a gap of services on the way to in Maipokhari is one of the major problems for tourism for tourist based hotels on the mid path. Majority inhabitants of the local area are settled ethnic groups Mongolian ie 65.4 percent . It is found that, there is not sufficient tourism infrastructure such as transportation, drinking water, electricity, health centers,schools, parks, view point. It is also found that there is no mass publicity to this area from local,district and national level due to negligence of the local governments and climate. There are few hotels based on tourist's aspects because of lack of year round road network. It is also found that Maipokhari is also renowned having nine corner pond located in high altitude and place for herbal products, rich in biodiversity and having local indigenous knowledge. Maipokhari is also a religions place for Buddhists and Hindus. As a result, it can be taken as religious tourism also.Trekking is one of the major aspects of ecotourism. Maipokhari also provides this flavor by the trekking route through Ilam chowk bazar to maipokhari tourism spot. The study found that among the total tourists more than fifty percent travels there belong to teen ager and few used to travel for recreation and to fulfill the religious purposes.The study concludes that the benefits of the tourism to the local people have been greatly acquired but poor transportation networks; there are seasonal benefits to the local. The level of awareness in local people is very low they are not massively informed about the tourism activities of this area. Maipokhari is one of the beautiful natural tourism destinations for all type of tourists. To develop this area the concerned stake holders should think in time to prepare essential infrastructure by preparing appropriate master plan and policies for the future development.Item Role of Women in Household Decision Making (A Comparative Study of Working and Non-Working Women of Kirtipur Municipality)(Department of Rural Development, 2010) Thapa, NeelaThe phrase “overworked and underpaid” is an apt description of women throughout the world. Women usually have lesser access to resources and benefits due to various socio cultural constraints. This stands out more glaringly in the developing countries where there is a clear demarcation of their roles and responsibilities and subsequently more prominent male domination. In most of the Asian countries women are merely respected in their role of mother and housekeeper. Women suffer from discriminatory practices in opportunities for education, health and so on. Hence this study is an attempt to study the power and participation level of women in Household decision making. The specific objective of this study are to explore the socio- economic status of women in the study area along with the comparison of the participation level of working women (those women who are economically active, have a continual source of income and who provide economic contribution to their family) and non-working women( House-wives) in household decision making and also to find out the factors that affect their decision making in household affairs. Exploratory and descriptive research design is used in this study. Similarly sampling method used is purposive sampling. For this study well structured and semi-structured questionnaire, observation and interviews were used as the techniques to obtain required information in order to fulfill the objectives. The study has a sample size of 50 women (25 working and 25 non-working) and their respective households within the periphery of Kirtipur Municipality. It is evident from the study that most of the working women are more qualified in terms of education than non- working women. 76 percentages of working women are in the service sector and government job holders. Out of the total households 60 percentages of male has the ownership of property. However working women’s ratio of property ownership is found to be more than non- working women. Regarding small household purchase, 52 percentages of the working women and 80 percentages of the non-working women are found to be the final decision makers. The male household head in working women’s households is found to be participating more in household activities than non-working women. The study also covered the factors that affect the decision-making level of women in their households. Majority of women reported that education is the most affecting factor that influences their decision making power. Educated women have more power and confidence in deciding serious matters in their households. Similarly it is found that the economic status of women also has a positive role in their decision making. Social norms are also such factors. However it is found that non-working women are more pressurized by social norms and tradition than working women Overall, we can say that women are still suffering from discriminatory practices in the society. They have a low status than men in their household. This study thus provided some practical recommendations consideration of which would lead to the empowerment of women and increase their participation Level and power in household decision making as well as their status in the whole society and nation