Population Studies

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14540/41

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Rural to urban migration, place attachment, and support to the place of origin in Pokhara Nepal
(2022) Tripathi, Yuba Raj; Bhim Raj Suwal
This study reveals the rural migrants support to their gaun in respect to place attachment. This study aims to explore internal migrants’ support to their gaun (place of origin) who are currently associated with samas (migrants’ associations) as urban dwellers at current place of living that is Pokhara Metropolitan City, Nepal. It also identified their rural to urban migration, place attachment and support to the place of origin. This study has been set out in a culturally diversified settlement of internal migrants at Pokhara Metropolitan City Ward Number 13, Kaski, Nepal. Out of 22 Samajs which were found by internal migrants at current place of living, 14 samajs were selected purposively and 301 households were proportionately selected using systematic random sampling. And respondents were selected conveniently. Explorative and descriptive research design was applied because it explained the supporting situation by the migrants. Place attachment was examined on the basis of their supports on infrastructure, education, income generating activities, sharing of ideas and networking for rural development. Respondents having monthly income less than average, those who were not related to political parties and janajatis visit their gaun frequently. By applying multiple linear regression test; sex, caste/ ethnicity (Brahmin and Chhetri), religion, types of family, numbers of the family members, education, occupation, monthly family income, political participation, distance by road (in travelling hours) between current place of living and gaun and land at gaun have positively significant association on support. Furthermore, it also found that in-terms of caste/ethnicity (with reference to Brahmin and Chhteri), frequency of visit at gaun during last 12 months and monthly income of the households were found determinants of support. These findings revealed that place attachment was admirable and migrants involved maintaining old social networks as well as in maintaining attachment to their gaun with money, shramdan, materials and networking are also be concerning source of rural development. Migrants were supporting their gaun from the city in the past and will have support in the future too.
Socio economic factors influencing well-being among dalit elderly ( A study of Shivsata Kashi municipality od Jhapa district
(2024) Bista, Sarita; Mahendra Prasad Sharma
This thesis has been titled "Socio-Economic Factors Influencing Well-being Among Dalit Elderly : A Study Based on Dalits Elderly People of Shivastakshi Municipality, Jhapa District," aims to asses the various socio-economic and health-related issues faced by elderly Dalits. The specific objectives include examining their demographic and socioeconomic status, living arrangements, utilization of elderly security allowances, and the impact of elderly pensions and free healthcare services on their well-being. Primary data was collected through direct interviews with 240(113 Males and 127 Females) Dalit elderly respondents aged 60 and above, using semi-structured questionnaires. This descriptive and quantitative study used SPSS for data management and logistic regression for analysis. The respondents 31 percent were aged 60-69, with 30 percent of females and 33 percent of males in the 60-64 age groups and (17.4% females, 18% males) were 75 and above. The gender distribution table shows that 51.2 percent of females and 49 percent of males were currently married. Nearly 95 percent of respondents were Hindu, while 5.42 percent were Christian. Altogether 68 percent of respondents were illiterate. Most respondents 82 percent were involved in agriculture. Arrangement of family was 49.6 percent lived in nuclear families, 48 percent in joint families, and 3 percent lived alone. The majority 77.1 percent have on elderly allowances as their income source, with 83 percent earning less than Rs.1,000 monthly. A high percentage 64.3 percent lived with their children or in-laws, and 73.3 percent were satisfied with their living conditions. Females reported higher satisfaction 77.2 percent compared to males 70 percent. Physical health issues were 41.2 percent reporting physical problems and 75 percent suffering from gastric issues. Total 89 percent experienced depression, and 89 percent felt loneliness or anxiety self-reported. A majority 82 percent received medical treatment from government hospitals, but over 97 percent were unaware of government-provided healthcare provisions. Logistic regression analysis showed that none of the socioeconomic factors, including social security allowance, marital status, education, family type, sex, and age, had statistically significant effects on physical health problems. This study concludes that the socio-economic and health status of Dalits elderly, particularly females, requires more attention. Poor economic conditions were identified as a primary barrier to accessing social and healthcare services, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to improve their well-being.
Road traffic injuries, deaths and its impact on individuals and families in nepal
(2025) Sedain, Bhagabati; Yogendra Bahadur Gurung
Road Traffic Injuries (RTIs) are a major public health issue, leading to numerous deaths, injuries, and disabilities worldwide. In a low-income country like Nepal, the road safety situation is alarming. This mixed-methods study aims to: i) assess the status of road traffic deaths and injuries; ii) identify factors contributing to these deaths; and iii) explore the impact on victims and their families. Methods In this dissertation, the systematic review, quantiative analysis of the national level road crash information based on Nepal Police data for 2018/19, and qualitative information obtained by face-to face in-depth interviews were presented. It consists of four different nalysis: a) systematic review, b) descriptive analysis of road traffic death and injuries, c) prediction of road traffic attributes by utilizing Random Forest Model, and d) qualitative nalysis on the impact of road traffic crashes to the victims and their families. A mixed method of quantiative and qualitative approaches has been used to obtained information on road traffic crashes in Nepal. Results There is limited road safety research in the SAARC region, and studies about the impact of road crashes on victims and families are almost non-existent in this region. In 2018/19, there were 14,197 road crashes in Nepal, resulting 23,319 injuries and 2,192 deaths. The mean age of the victims was 30.89 years, and 75% of the crash incidents occurred among males, and approximately 40% of the victims were aged 15-29. The asualty rate was 96.29 per 100,000 population, with the highest number of deaths and injuries occurring between 4:00 pm and 8:00 pm, particularly on Saturdays. The months of April, October, and November also have a higher number of road crash incidents. Road traffic injuries (RTIs) were most prevalent in Bagmati Province (40%), followed by Lumbini (19%) and Madhesh Province (17%), with the highest chances of death in Sudurpaschim. The uses of two-wheelers were found to be major contributing factor for increasing the number of road traffic deaths and injuries in Nepal. The Random Forest (RF) model predicted that tractor crashes were the most risky in causing road traffic deaths, followed by the passenger bus, two-wheeler and truck crashes. Similarly, the likelihood of road crash deaths was high in Sudurpashchim province followed by Lumbini Province. The findings of the qualitative survey found that the pre-hospital care is limited, with most crash victims inadequately transported to the health services and very few cases transported in an ambulance. Improper transportation of the crash victim appeared as one of the causes of increased injury severity among the road crash victims. RTIs often lead road traffic crash victims to long-term health complications, financial hardship, job loss, school/campus dropout, disturbance in family relation and social problems. It was identified that there is a great need to create emergency road crash treatment fund for emergency rescue, treatment, and rehabilitation. Rehabilitation services and proper counselling can help in speedy recovery, even after hospital discharge. Additionally, sharing experiences with others in similar situations helps reduce stress and offers motivation. Conclusion This study provides a new dimension to mortality and morbidity research. It identifies the huge knowledge gap on road crash, deaths, injuries, and the serious impact of crashes on victims and families in Nepal. Importantly, it highlights the urgent need for road safety research to identify crash causes and impacts, enabling evidence-based prevention. Keyword: Road crashes, deaths, injuries, impact, crash victims
Knowledge and attitude towards std's and HIV\ AIDS among secondry school students of Godawari municipality Lalitpur
(2024) Silwal, Samjhana; Sarita Bista
Sexually transmitted disease (STDs) and HIV/AIDS have been threatening the human being since last two decades. The AIDS epidemic may be the most devastating health disaster in human history. HIV/AIDS has become major as well as critical public health issue particularly in Africa facing the worst effect of the AIDS epidemic. At least 45 million people are now living with HIV in the world. An estimated 5.1 million people were newly infected with HIV by the end of 2008. Among them 95 percent in Sub- Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe and Asia. Lalitpur district is selected as the study area for the research because it is the permanent residential area of researcher in different social-cultural circumstances. Lalitpur district has diverse geographical and socio- culture nature. In this Municipality the majority of people are Hindu (70.43) and Buddhist (16.25) The total literacy rate of this Municipality is 70.9 percent female 60.4 percent male 81.0 percent and total school and Newar residential area is 40.32 percent and occupation agriculture 34.89 percent and non agriculture 65.71 percent . This study has collected data of altogether 160 respondents including 85 respondents are boys and respondents 75 are girls. Majority of the adolescents have knowledge about the preventive measure of STDs and HIV/AIDS among them (93.5%) male and (91.9%) girls respondents have the knowledge about means of transmission of these fatal diseases through the sexual contact. Public awareness is the best measure and counseling service in the second appropriate measure to tackle the problem of HIV infected people. However, sound knowledge and respective are found in the study area and their status of looking AIDS infected person is also positive attitude, behavior and knowledge among the adolescents. Knowledge about STDs and HIV/AIDS is appreciating. However they have confusion on symptoms, mode of transmission and preventive measure.
Multimorbidity, health service utilization, and quality of life
(2025) Thapa, Naba Raj; Govind Subedi
Available in full text.
Knowledge and practice of contraception (a case study of Khilji VDC, Arghakhanchi district)
(2011) Gaire, Gopal Prasad; Naba Raj Thapa
Available in fulltext
Knowledge and attitude on STIs/HIV/AIDS and sexul behavior among secondary level school student (A case study selected secondary school of kathamndu, Bhaktapur, Lalitpur, District)
(2007) Gurung, Anjuna; Ram Saran Pathak
ABSTRACT This study is based on the primary data, collected from three secondary level school students of Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur in 2007 which includes 120 secondary level school students as a sample size. The objective of the study is to the identify the knowledge and attitude on STIs and HIV/AIDS and sexual behaviour of students. Most of the students are 15 years of age (33.3%), Chhettri are (36.7%) and Buddhist (95.8%) which occupied the largest proportion. More than (70.8%) live in own house. More than one-fourth of the respondents fathers (26.1%) have SLC and 21.7 percent respondents mothers were illiterate. Most of the respondents fathers (35.8%) and (33.3%) one engaged in service and business.And mothers (33.3%) are engaged in agricultural occupation. Cent percent respondents have electricity and television at their home. All the respondents have heard about sexually transmitted infections. Syphilis Gonorrhea and HIV/AIDS are more familiar STIs among the student’s who have heard STIs. Radio, television, news paper, teacher are the main sources of information about STIs and HIV/AIDS. All the respondents have knowledge on modes of transmission of STIs and HIV/AIDS. More than 81.5 percent of the respondents have said that do not sex at all the true method for preventing STIs transmission. More than 97.5 percent of the respondents have said that HIV/AIDS is transmitted through sexual contact. 50 percent respondent said that use of condom is the true method for preventing HIV/AIDS. Around 96 percent respondents have said that they have necessary to get knowledge and awareness about safe sex. Among the respondents 58.3 respondents says that sex is basic needs for human beings and 16.7 percent respondent have reported that sex is needed for propagating generation. Only 2.5 percent had sexual experience. All the respondent have no experience of STIs
Knowledge, practice and problems on the menstruation among school adolescent girls in Palpa ( a case study among secondary school girls in Khaliban VDC)
(2011) Aryal, Sabitra Devi; Prabha Kumari Hamal
Available in fulltext
Impact of micro credit on empowerment of women
(Department of Population Studies, 2010) Osti, Sangita
Addressing the inaccessibility of finance to rural poor and to promote their access in income generating activities, various microfinance programs are being conducted in Nepal. The purpose of such program is to emphasize poor and landless women to the small- scale credit to promote their livelihood and to conduct various small scale earning activities by providing them access to credit without collateral. Broadly speaking, objectives of these programs are to raise income and involve women in community development process. The study analyses the status of women due to impact of micro credit programs. This study has utilized both qualitative and quantitative techniques for data collection. Randomly, to those women who are involving in samuha are selected for study and they are interviewed using structured questionnaire. It is observed that respondent women had poor social and economic status before joining in micro financing programs but after joining, they have been empowered and their poverty has been reduced to some extent. Therefore institutionalization of such micro credit programs is essential to raise the status of women.
Impact of Earthquake - 2015 on vulnerable populations in Nepal
(Faculty of Humanities and Social Science, Population Studies, 2023) Mabuhang, Balkrishna
The purpose of the study is to unravel the impact of earthquakes on vulnerable populations. The impact of the quake is literally measured in different perspectives- social, physical, economic, demographic, and esthetic; however, this study covers to impinging of an earthquake on vulnerable groups or populations from socio-demographic and cultural perspectives. Hazards, vulnerability, and risk are all uniquely intertwined in the development of death and destruction from disasters. Almost 82 years back, the earthquake in April 2015 triggered the disaster with its epicenter at Barpak; Gorkha situated about 80 kilometers to the North- West from Kathmandu. The moment magnitude of 7.8 MW, with a depth of about 10-15 kilometers down to earth created waves that lasted for almost 50 seconds recorded, followed by numerous aftershocks that hit many lives and physical amenities very severely. Nepal Government has produced a report on Post Disaster Need Assessment (PDNA) in almost two and half months of the aftermath of the earthquake measured death tolled 8,790 casualties and 22,300 injuries along with lives affected about eight million. Of 75 districts, thirty-one districts were affected, out of which 14 districts declared: 7 mountain districts as ‘severely hit,’ and 7 hill districts including Kathmandu Valley as ‘crisis-hit,’ to prioritize rescue and relief operations. The report also says that the death toll of young people could have been much higher considering that nearly 7,000 schools were completely or significantly damaged. But fortunately, the day was Saturday- all schools both private and public were closed for a weakly official holiday in Nepal. Besides children, the elderly, single women-headed households, and all populations were at a high risk of exposure to the disaster victims. Natural hazard including earthquake does not go along with the line of age, gender, social, cultural, or ethnic settlements; rather it hits disproportionately. But the impact on the affected population lasts for an extended period and varies with a spectrum of vulnerable populations to affluent and accessible populations. This study uses two data sets- ‘Nepal Earthquake, 2015: A Socio-demographic Impact Study: With reference to 14 most affected districts,’ which was carried out by the Central Department of Population Studies in 2015, and a study on, ‘Community Resilience,’ which was conducted by Central Department of Anthropology (CDA) in 2020. Quantitative data sources are triangulated with qualitative information collected during both survey research. This study has employed descriptive data analysis along with ꭓ2 – test and Multiple Linear Regression Analysis. Study findings show that there is a clear discrepancy between socio-economically, culturally, and demographically between dominant populations and vulnerable groups. The findings apparently show the impact with the spectrum where the head of households of severely hit districts, rural families, female-headed households, agricultural occupation, no education or at least primary, Christians in religious, and Dalit (hill) and other hill Janajati groups were very badly hit while head of the households of Kathmandu Valley districts, urban families, male-headed households, salaried wageworkers, head of the households with tertiary education, Hindu religion, and Brahmin and Newar ethnic groups are less likely to be impacted. However, the community resilience survey shows that the recovery revealed just the reverse. Descriptive analysis clearly shows the relationship that recovery is taking place even in vulnerable populations, but whether it statistically significant or not multivariate linear regression is applied. The result shows the positive relationship that the recovery is well explained by the different categories of explaining variables. Multivariate linear regression analysis is adopted to show the relationship between dependent and independent variables. Vulnerable populations in general and Dalit communities, in particular, were found to be brought back better than their counterpart who were less likely to be impacted by the earthquake. In the context of Nepal, an own house building is the hallmark indicator of household loss in the disaster, and a gain after 5 years of individual, as well as state support, satisfactorily can be measured as the best indicator of recovery. In the study, a dependent variable such as the opinion of households asked that satisfied with the recovery measures or building back the house building. Cross-variate analysis showed pretty good. However Multivariate linear regression analysis also indicated a significant relationship between the dependent variable with the Earthquake Affected Domains, Gender, Education, Religion, and Caste/ ethnicity. The novel findings of the study are that the vulnerable groups- hill Dalit and Janajati got better brought back after 5 years in recovery than the other groups. The plausible reason is that the disparity between the vulnerable groups and their counterparts was huge before the disaster. The disaster hit disproportionately, but the former experienced worse than the latter. Under the reconstruction measure, both the vulnerable groups and their counterparts found recovery more or less the same yield better to the former. In other words, the gap was larger before the quake, disaster hit equally, and the reconstruction measures adopted brought a small gap between vulnerable groups and their counterparts. By caste\ ethnic groups, other hill-ethnic minor groups account for 91 percent completely lost their house. Similarly, households with Christianity in religious faith also account for 92.5 percent; the highest number of houses\huts damaged which is slightly greater than hill ethnic minor groups. As far as the recovery is concerned, the highest proportion of Rai ethnic groups (56.5%) reported that they were fully satisfied followed by Chepang (53.3%). Whereas Majhi reported the least percentage (6.1%) fully satisfied.
Dimension of social, economic and political exclusion of Madheshi (A Case Study of perception in Santapur VDC Nayabasti ward no.6 in Rautahat district)
(Department of Population Studies, 2013) Gupta, Anil Kumar
The present study entitled “Dimension of Social, Economic, and Political Exclusion of Madheshi” was conducted to identify existing social, economic, and political exclusion as well as causes which lead to exclusion by using structured questionnaire schedule in Santapur (M.) VDC, ward no 6, Rautahat district, which includes 175 head of household as respondents as sample. Out of 175 respondents; almost all 94.9 percent were male and only 5.1 percent were female. The results of this study showed that the area had high social, economic and political exclusion in terms participating in social and political organization and employment in government sectors. The lack of education and higher education has been found as the main causes of exclusion in study area. Exclusion by various independent variables such as sex, citizenship, voting right, landholding pattern, education status, participating in social and political organization has been observed to social, economic and political exclusion. The correlation, regression and ANOVA technique has been utilize the study effect of landholding pattern, education, participating in social and political organization on exclusion. Low correlation between literacy status and participation in social and political organization and discrimination in public place has been found. It was found that education independently affecting the participation in social organization, political organization, and discrimination in public place by 22.1, 29.3 and 3.3 percent respectively. Similarly, low correlation between landholding pattern and participation in social organization and discrimination in public place and moderate correlation between landholding pattern and participating in political organization has been found. Land holding pattern independently affecting the participating in social organization, political organization and discrimination in public place by 14, 59.9 and 22 percent respectively. Likewise, moderate correlation between participation in social organization and participation in political organization and low correlation between participating in social and political organization and discrimination in public places has been found. Furthermore, participating in social organization independently affecting the participation in political organization and discrimination in public place by 49.9 and 2.8 percent respectively and participating in political organization independently affecting discrimination in public place by 21.3 percent.
Domestic violence against women in Nepal (A case study of Tharu community in Sunawal Aadarsha Village Development Committee, Nawalparasi)
(Department of Population Studies, 2008) Aryal, Malati
The study is done to know the real situation, cause and consequences of domestic violence against women. This study also focused on awareness of women towards violence, legal provision and position of reporting violence events in the study area. The study is conducted in “Kanwar” (Tharu) Community of Sunawal Aadarsha VDC Ward No. 1, 5 and 6 of Nawalparasi District. The respondents are from age group 15 -49 years, of them the highest 26.1 percent belong to age group 20 -24. Similarly, majority of the respondents are illiterate (65.2%). Overwhelmingly majority of the respondents are Hindu (98.3%) pursue agriculture occupation (97.1%). The knowledge toward domestic violence against women (DVAW) is almost universal among the respondents. It is reported that majority of the respondents (98.3%) have experienced DVAW at least once in their life. Cent percent literate respondents experienced DVAW as compared to 97.3 percent among illiterate women. There is higher prevalence of DVAW among women, who are engaged in agriculture sector. Cent percent respondents experienced violence torture due to birth of daughter and humiliation due to marriage with so- called lower cast. Majority of the respondents are victimized by male members (89.4%), 8 percent respondents are victimized by their female members and 2.7 percent are victimized by female and male both. Most of the respondents (72.6%) want to keep secret DVAW and only 27.4 percent report/ share their problem. About two-third of the respondents (64.5%) share violence incident with their friends. Similarly, 32.3 percent of the respondents share their problem with their relatives. Only about 3.2 percent respondents report their problems in police office for legal actions. Almost all the respondents (99.1%) said that lack of education is major cause of violence, and 90.4 percent also replied that economic dependency is the main cause for such events. Similarly, 6.1 percent told that the major cause of DVAW is alcoholism/drug abuse and some respondents (1.7%) said that main cause of DVAW is lack of effective enforcement of existing legal provisions on DVAW. Almost all the respondents (99.1%) said that by aware people, incidence of violence could be controlled by raising awareness about DVAW.
Access to decision making process : A study of widow women in Dharmasthali VDC
(Department of Population Studies, 2010) Satyal, Kedar
The study “Access to Decision Making Process, A study of widow women” is based on primary data from Dharmasthali VDC of Kathmandu district during October, 2009. The major objective of this study is to find out current socio-economic and demographic characteristics of widow women in the study area and to examine the access to decision making process of widow women on the basis of socio-economic characteristics including health, education, land ownership, economic and political opportunities, physical and psychological violence in the study area. By using data from 114 households of 712 individuals of all 9 wards information were collected through field survey with the help of purposive random sampling. The data were entered into EPI Data software and required Dummy table were generated through SPSS programme. Through mean, frequency table, cross table objectives were analysed and hypothesis were tested by the use of bivariate (Correlation Coefficient) analysis. In the study area only 6.73 percent population is found as widow/widower. Out of total respondents majority of population is found as Janajaties (49.12 percent), 73.68 percent is found as illiterate, 41.23 percent is found as household head, 64.91 percent is found as Hindu religious people and 38.60 percent population is involved in agriculture, only 3.51 percent respondents are found in below the age of 35 years and 85.96 percent were married before the age of 20 years. Access to Median Decision Making Process is calculated as the median of all seven areas as going treatment of health problem, attending any types of education, cropping of land, working outside to feed family, expensing money from income, participating political activities and involving social organization. The median access to decision making process is found as 0.466(less than 50%). In correlation coefficient, widow women who faced health problems have higher access to decision making process then who didn’t face. Increasing the level of education, transformation the ownership of land in own/son’s/daughter’s name, widow women who work outside to feed family and who got any political post have higher access to decision making process(these are negatively correlated with access to median decision making process). Participation in social organization have negative relationship in access to decision making process (i.e., negatively correlated -0.1351). Widow women who faced any types of violence have higher access to decision making process. Similarly widow women who got counseling have lower access to decision making process.
Status of elderly people in Nepal (A study of Uram Pokhara VDC, Parbat)
(Department of Population Studies, 2016) Sharma, Rita
Populations around the world are rapidly ageingand Nepal is one of them.Ageing presents both challenges and opportunities. It will increase demand for primary health care and long-term care. To supply these health care one shouldknow the status of elderly people. This study has analyzed the demographic andsocio-economic status of elderly peopleof Uram Pokhara VDC of Parbat districtalong with their health status and family security. This studywas conducted in Uram Pokhara VDC, Parbat district. The purposive sampling method was used. Thesample size was 133 of elderly peoples(60 years andabove) of the ward no 3,4,5,6 and 7 . There are52 percent femalesand48 percent males in the study area. Of them majority(36.8%) were fromMagar caste followedbyBrahmin(36.1%).About 56.4percentwere currently married and rest was window/widower. They had very poor educational status.Majority(45.6%)of the respondents were engaged inagriculture.About 30 percent respondent reported that their main sourceof income was agedallowance. About 75.2 percent of elderly people reported that they have health problems and of them 18percent were suffering from respiratory system. Though the elderly people are getting more allowance than before. They are facing different kinds of problems like health, economic and effective sanitation. Thus,policy and programs should focus on their program that directly or indirectly improve their lives.
Socio-demographic determinants of antenatal services utilization (A study among delivery seeking women in selected hospital of Pokhara, Nepal)
(Department of Population Studies, 2023) Ahmad, Meraj
Thesis entitled "Socio-Demographic Determinants of Antenatal Services Utilization: A Study Among Delivery Seeking Women in Selected Hospitals of Pokhara, Nepal” was aimed to assess Socio-Demographic factors affecting ANC utilization by women who had been shifted in postnatal wards after delivering a child at Manipal Teaching Hospital. Duration of data collection was set from 25 th June to 10 th July 2022. Total sample was determined during data collection period. Purposive sampling method was used It was a descriptive study and sample size was 321. Data were collected by using structured questionnaires by interviewing mothers. Data were entered and analyzed in SPSS version 20. Frequency distribution tables were used to display results in number and percentage along with p value and odds ratio wherever require by applying Chi-square and logistic regression test at 5 per cent level of significance. Major findings reveal that 81 per cent women completed ≥ 4 ANC visits out of which only 57 per cent had received good quality ANC services. Respondents’ educational status, occupation involved and number of children, monthly income of their spouse, family types and use of mass media (TV/radio/internet) were significant predictors for ≥4 ANC visits. The odds of seeking ≥ 4 ANC visits were 9 times more among women whose spouse’ monthly income were good (≥25,000 NRS/month) whereas, use of mass- media (TV/radio) accounts 10 times more likelihood of ≥4 ANC visits (OR=10.5, CI, 1.1-99.9). Likewise receipt of good quality ANC services showed significant association with mothers’ age, use of social media and intention to having children. Women having access to social media and intention of having children had 1.9 and 25 times more odds of receiving good quality. During ANC visits, more than 90 per cent of women received TT injection, 93 per cent had their blood pressure measured and ≥70 per cent women received folic acid and iron tablets. In summary respondents’ educational status, spouse monthly income and number of children were major socio-demographic factors for ≥ 4 ANC use while intended pregnancies, access of mass media (TV/radio) and social media had significant role that create awareness and encourage them to seek ANC services during complications and seeking medical advices.
Factors affecting women's knowledge, attitude and behavior towards HIV/AIDS in Nepal
(Faculty of Population Studies, 2023) Sigdel, Uddhav
Available with full text
The gender inclusion in local Government of Nepal: Knowledge and practices
(Faculty of Humanities and Social Science, Population Studies, 2023) Sijapati, Dipendra Bikram
Gender inclusion refers to the equal distribution of all power and services, opportunities, resources, establishments of rights and dignity to the male and female.The study based on the local level government with prospective of gender inclusion. The specific objectives of this study are to find out knowledge and practices of gender inclusiveness in local governments among the elected local body and to identify level of participation of female elected representatives in decision-making process. This study is based on cross-sectional research design and both primary source of data and secondary data were used. The study selected 358 local levels elected representatives as respondents. All the ward chairs and ward members were interview in the selected mulcipilities and Rural muncipitities of Lalitpur and jhapa districs. The field work was conducted in between 2075-10-5 (B.S.) to 2076-8-14 (B.S.). This data entered into SPSS database and results were obtained by frequency distributions, cross tabulations, male female proportion and Chi-Squire test. In this study, Knowladgeon gender inclusive was found to be universal to repondents. Mass Media was major sources of information. Gender equality and equal participation were understood as the equal participation of males and females in all local development. Majority of the respondent (95 %) reported that they had the knowledge about the meeting in which gender issue has been discussed. Almost all respondent reported that they participated in the meeting at the day time. In the meeting, the gender related issues were discussed.In addition, different areas of allocation of budget were discussed in the meeting ; women empowerment to income generation, reducing women's workload. In both study districts, majority (> 70 %) faced problems in demanding the budget in which the palika has not allocated the budget. Majority of respondents reported that they have formulated the policy and planning related to women empowerment, leadership plans, gender awareness and combating violence and cyber- crime, after being elected for local government. More than 87 percent male and female respondents reported that they have allocated budget on women's related area such as capacity building, programs targeted for women’s benefit, employment and income generation decreasing women’s work load and improving the quality work. vi In terms of level of participation in decision making process, more than 80 percent respondent reported that they have formulated the planning related to women empowerment after being elected for local government. In total, the plan formulation and budgeting has been focused in the skill development plans, income generation plan, empowerment and leadership plans, gender awareness on violence and cyber- crime. Jhapa district was more than double in percent for the formulation of skill development plans than Lalitpur district. In both districts, 68.6 percent, 8.5 percent and 22.9 percent respondents reported that they allocated gender friendly budget in different sectors which are Rs. 1-5 lakhs, 610 lakhs and 10-15 lakhs for capacity development of women sectors respectively. Majority of the respondents reported that they have allocated Rs.1-5 lakhs budget for women development sectors mostly capacity building of woman and followed by 1015 lakhs budget allocated for women development sectors. The study colcludes that women representation in local level is critically refers the declaration of constulation of Nepal in 2015. They shares more than 40 percent of the total local elected persons. But this numerical crtical mass has yet to translate in to understanding the gender inclusion in local government. The levels of understanding in gender inclusion, gender equalitys empowernment is still not adequate. The level of their real participation in decision making process in allocation of budgetincluding other activities that effect their life in still low but it is increasing due to their critical mass prosonal in the local government of Nepal. The real gender inclusion in local levels is possible, as policy advisers and policymakers transcend the artificial dichotomy between resources and services. Preconception based on gender and caste/ethnicity/ religious belief, women and those from marginalized and underprivileged groups to be generally incapable of decisionmaking sectors in local level development has to be avoided. The participants (men and women) were found to have low level of understanding on the gender inclusion concept and its operationalized definition. Among those who have some understanding of gender inclusion in local government, they need more awareness and skill development training about those issues of women's development in local level. They are still unable to decide on budget allocation of the local level and gender development sites because of their lack of knowledge.
Estimation and projection of the fertility: National, Provincial and local level in Nepal
(Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences ,Population Studies, 2022) Devkota, Bijaya Mani
Fertility levels and patterns provide an important demographic information regarding the population change, as well as socio-economic development and human well-being. There are very few specific studies in Nepal that estimate and project fertility among different caste/ethnic groups at the national, provincial and local levels. This study compares the fertility estimation and projection at national and its sub-domains, and verifies and validates in Nepal. National household censuses (2001 and 2011) were carried in 12.5 percent of the total households and (649,476 and 1,091,337) reproductive age group of sample women were identified through analysis respectively. Age sex pyramids and frequency table represent demographic scenario of national and provincial levels. The study was carried out adhering to the Arriaga method and changing P/F ratio method. Algorithm first smoothed local age specific rates (ASFR) using Empirical Bayes method and then applied a new variant of Brass’s P/F parity that is robust under conditions of rapid fertility decline at local level. The small area estimation (SAE) was applied at local level and different caste/ethnicity were selected to estimate the fertility which is the contribution of the study. Total fertility rate (TFR) values will reach at national level using linear interpolation, and extrapolation by 2031, it reaches replacement level. The study showed that the Muslim, Hill Janajati, Madhesi Dalit, Madheshi Other Caste, Hill Dalit and Others Minor Caste will have (2.37, 2.31, 2.32, 2.20, 2.37, 2.51) high fertility rate which is above the replacement level of fertility at the end of 2031. Similarly, the fertility rate of Newar, Tarai Janajiti, Brahman/Chhetri and Madheshi Brahman (1.58, 2.03, 2.09, 1.8) will have below the replacement level of fertility. At the province level, Karnali (3.42), Sudurpashchim (2.59) and Lumbini (2.14) will have high fertility rates; Madhesh Province and Gandaki will reach 2.1; Province 1 (2.05), Bagmati (1.9) will be below the replacement level in the same period. SAE is most useful when the vital registration system is incomplete and small local fertility samples made it difficult to estimate rates reliably; applying 742 (2001) and 753(2011) local levels in household census; mainly standardising the empirical Bayes Brass (EBB) method in Kanda (Smallest), Dhanushadam (middle) and Kathmandu (largest) at rural and urban municipal levels were selected respectively. The fertility of SAE is valuable for analysing demographic change and is important for local planning and programme. Future researchers can study to ward levels for more effective results.
The Nature of Child Labour: A Case Study of Dhungkharka VDC, Kavre
(Department of Population Studies, 2008) Dahal, Khechar Nath
Most of the underdeveloped and developing countries like Nepal have serious problems and vulnerable conditions of children. It has been existing as a sensitive national problem of child labour and child exploitation against child rights. In the context of Nepal, there are different reasons of child labour i.e. poverty, illiteracy, unawareness towards child education, discrimination of gender or caste/ethnicity, ignorance and unemployment. Exploitative socio-economic structure of marginalized poor people is compelled to adopt child labour. Nepal is undergoing transitional process of social transformation. It is impossible to achieve the goal if we do not integrate fundamental principles of human rights, social justice, and inclusive democracy with child rights in practice. That will be effective means of building new Nepal. The objectives of this study is observing the nature of child works in economic and non economic activities in Tamang and Brahmin communities of the study area. It has observed about the background characteristics i.e. educational status, types of works, working hours, parental status, types of works, working hours, gender status and so on. 108 households are selected in equal proportion of each ward of VDC for the purpose of the study where their children of under 15 are being used in economic and non economic activities. A significant proportion of child labourers reported that their parents are indebted, landlessness and poor. More children have been working from their parent’s advice. Child status is categorized in different conditions i.e. schooling only, schooling/working and neither schooling nor working children of Tamang and Brahmin communities. Income and expenditure of family shows least expenditure in education. Majority of wage earning children are dissatisfied from their earning due to the low wage and worst conditions of works. But their income and expenditure have positive relationship. Most of the children in the study area are malnourished due to food deficiency and inappropriate immunization. Children are more vulnerable condition in Tamang than Brahmin community.
Newborn care practice among Khas, Janajatis and Dalits in Shanishchare Primary Health Care Center (PHC) Area of Jhapa District
(Department of Population Studies, 2011) Dahal, Ramesh Kumar
With the aim of providing insights into the newborn care practice along with to identify the association between social, demographic, economic and modernization variables and newborn care practice in the Shanishchare PHC area, rural community of Jhapa District, a total 252 mothers were interviewed in household survey in companion with three case studies; 18 in-depth interviews with Mother-in-Law, TBA, AHW, ANM and MCHW; and four FGD with mothers having less than twelve month of baby in VDC immunization days. The entered data was exported from the Epidata to SPSS for the analysis. Three types of indexes, i.e. general index, newborn care index and development indexes was prepared for the analysis of newborn care practice. The newborn care index incorporates 25 studied variables. The newborn care practice was divided into three categories such as standard, moderate and poor index based on the achieved index value 0.74+, 0.40 to 0.74 and up to 0.39 respectively. Four types of development indexes such as demographic development index, social development index, economic development index and modernization development index was developed to test the hypothesis and for the cross tabulation with newborn care index. The score one to six was provided based on the cross table analysis and correlation coefficient between independent variables relating to economic, social, demographic and modernization variables and newborn care practice for making development indexes. The moderate newborn care practice was more common followed by standard and poor respectively. The newborn care practice was also studied in accordance with ethnicity i.e. Khas, Dalit and Indigenous nationalities (Janajati). Khas mothers were found better newborn care practice while Dalit in middle position and Janajati in least position. On the basis of the correlation coefficient between the development indexes and newborn care index, the study concluded that having higher social and demographic status of mothers have better newborn care practice in rural community. Likewise, better economic and modernization variables also contribute positively to enhance the newborn care practice.

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