Population Studies

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    Knowledge and practice of contraception (a case study of Khilji VDC, Arghakhanchi district)
    (2011) Gaire, Gopal Prasad; Naba Raj Thapa
    Available in fulltext
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    Knowledge and attitude on STIs/HIV/AIDS and sexul behavior among secondary level school student (A case study selected secondary school of kathamndu, Bhaktapur, Lalitpur, District)
    (2007) Gurung, Anjuna; Ram Saran Pathak
    ABSTRACT This study is based on the primary data, collected from three secondary level school students of Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur in 2007 which includes 120 secondary level school students as a sample size. The objective of the study is to the identify the knowledge and attitude on STIs and HIV/AIDS and sexual behaviour of students. Most of the students are 15 years of age (33.3%), Chhettri are (36.7%) and Buddhist (95.8%) which occupied the largest proportion. More than (70.8%) live in own house. More than one-fourth of the respondents fathers (26.1%) have SLC and 21.7 percent respondents mothers were illiterate. Most of the respondents fathers (35.8%) and (33.3%) one engaged in service and business.And mothers (33.3%) are engaged in agricultural occupation. Cent percent respondents have electricity and television at their home. All the respondents have heard about sexually transmitted infections. Syphilis Gonorrhea and HIV/AIDS are more familiar STIs among the student’s who have heard STIs. Radio, television, news paper, teacher are the main sources of information about STIs and HIV/AIDS. All the respondents have knowledge on modes of transmission of STIs and HIV/AIDS. More than 81.5 percent of the respondents have said that do not sex at all the true method for preventing STIs transmission. More than 97.5 percent of the respondents have said that HIV/AIDS is transmitted through sexual contact. 50 percent respondent said that use of condom is the true method for preventing HIV/AIDS. Around 96 percent respondents have said that they have necessary to get knowledge and awareness about safe sex. Among the respondents 58.3 respondents says that sex is basic needs for human beings and 16.7 percent respondent have reported that sex is needed for propagating generation. Only 2.5 percent had sexual experience. All the respondent have no experience of STIs
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    Impact of micro credit on empowerment of women
    (Department of Population Studies, 2010) Osti, Sangita
    Addressing the inaccessibility of finance to rural poor and to promote their access in income generating activities, various microfinance programs are being conducted in Nepal. The purpose of such program is to emphasize poor and landless women to the small- scale credit to promote their livelihood and to conduct various small scale earning activities by providing them access to credit without collateral. Broadly speaking, objectives of these programs are to raise income and involve women in community development process. The study analyses the status of women due to impact of micro credit programs. This study has utilized both qualitative and quantitative techniques for data collection. Randomly, to those women who are involving in samuha are selected for study and they are interviewed using structured questionnaire. It is observed that respondent women had poor social and economic status before joining in micro financing programs but after joining, they have been empowered and their poverty has been reduced to some extent. Therefore institutionalization of such micro credit programs is essential to raise the status of women.
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    Impact of Earthquake - 2015 on vulnerable populations in Nepal
    (Faculty of Humanities and Social Science, Population Studies, 2023) Mabuhang, Balkrishna
    The purpose of the study is to unravel the impact of earthquakes on vulnerable populations. The impact of the quake is literally measured in different perspectives- social, physical, economic, demographic, and esthetic; however, this study covers to impinging of an earthquake on vulnerable groups or populations from socio-demographic and cultural perspectives. Hazards, vulnerability, and risk are all uniquely intertwined in the development of death and destruction from disasters. Almost 82 years back, the earthquake in April 2015 triggered the disaster with its epicenter at Barpak; Gorkha situated about 80 kilometers to the North- West from Kathmandu. The moment magnitude of 7.8 MW, with a depth of about 10-15 kilometers down to earth created waves that lasted for almost 50 seconds recorded, followed by numerous aftershocks that hit many lives and physical amenities very severely. Nepal Government has produced a report on Post Disaster Need Assessment (PDNA) in almost two and half months of the aftermath of the earthquake measured death tolled 8,790 casualties and 22,300 injuries along with lives affected about eight million. Of 75 districts, thirty-one districts were affected, out of which 14 districts declared: 7 mountain districts as ‘severely hit,’ and 7 hill districts including Kathmandu Valley as ‘crisis-hit,’ to prioritize rescue and relief operations. The report also says that the death toll of young people could have been much higher considering that nearly 7,000 schools were completely or significantly damaged. But fortunately, the day was Saturday- all schools both private and public were closed for a weakly official holiday in Nepal. Besides children, the elderly, single women-headed households, and all populations were at a high risk of exposure to the disaster victims. Natural hazard including earthquake does not go along with the line of age, gender, social, cultural, or ethnic settlements; rather it hits disproportionately. But the impact on the affected population lasts for an extended period and varies with a spectrum of vulnerable populations to affluent and accessible populations. This study uses two data sets- ‘Nepal Earthquake, 2015: A Socio-demographic Impact Study: With reference to 14 most affected districts,’ which was carried out by the Central Department of Population Studies in 2015, and a study on, ‘Community Resilience,’ which was conducted by Central Department of Anthropology (CDA) in 2020. Quantitative data sources are triangulated with qualitative information collected during both survey research. This study has employed descriptive data analysis along with ꭓ2 – test and Multiple Linear Regression Analysis. Study findings show that there is a clear discrepancy between socio-economically, culturally, and demographically between dominant populations and vulnerable groups. The findings apparently show the impact with the spectrum where the head of households of severely hit districts, rural families, female-headed households, agricultural occupation, no education or at least primary, Christians in religious, and Dalit (hill) and other hill Janajati groups were very badly hit while head of the households of Kathmandu Valley districts, urban families, male-headed households, salaried wageworkers, head of the households with tertiary education, Hindu religion, and Brahmin and Newar ethnic groups are less likely to be impacted. However, the community resilience survey shows that the recovery revealed just the reverse. Descriptive analysis clearly shows the relationship that recovery is taking place even in vulnerable populations, but whether it statistically significant or not multivariate linear regression is applied. The result shows the positive relationship that the recovery is well explained by the different categories of explaining variables. Multivariate linear regression analysis is adopted to show the relationship between dependent and independent variables. Vulnerable populations in general and Dalit communities, in particular, were found to be brought back better than their counterpart who were less likely to be impacted by the earthquake. In the context of Nepal, an own house building is the hallmark indicator of household loss in the disaster, and a gain after 5 years of individual, as well as state support, satisfactorily can be measured as the best indicator of recovery. In the study, a dependent variable such as the opinion of households asked that satisfied with the recovery measures or building back the house building. Cross-variate analysis showed pretty good. However Multivariate linear regression analysis also indicated a significant relationship between the dependent variable with the Earthquake Affected Domains, Gender, Education, Religion, and Caste/ ethnicity. The novel findings of the study are that the vulnerable groups- hill Dalit and Janajati got better brought back after 5 years in recovery than the other groups. The plausible reason is that the disparity between the vulnerable groups and their counterparts was huge before the disaster. The disaster hit disproportionately, but the former experienced worse than the latter. Under the reconstruction measure, both the vulnerable groups and their counterparts found recovery more or less the same yield better to the former. In other words, the gap was larger before the quake, disaster hit equally, and the reconstruction measures adopted brought a small gap between vulnerable groups and their counterparts. By caste\ ethnic groups, other hill-ethnic minor groups account for 91 percent completely lost their house. Similarly, households with Christianity in religious faith also account for 92.5 percent; the highest number of houses\huts damaged which is slightly greater than hill ethnic minor groups. As far as the recovery is concerned, the highest proportion of Rai ethnic groups (56.5%) reported that they were fully satisfied followed by Chepang (53.3%). Whereas Majhi reported the least percentage (6.1%) fully satisfied.  
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    Dimension of social, economic and political exclusion of Madheshi (A Case Study of perception in Santapur VDC Nayabasti ward no.6 in Rautahat district)
    (Department of Population Studies, 2013) Gupta, Anil Kumar
    The present study entitled “Dimension of Social, Economic, and Political Exclusion of Madheshi” was conducted to identify existing social, economic, and political exclusion as well as causes which lead to exclusion by using structured questionnaire schedule in Santapur (M.) VDC, ward no 6, Rautahat district, which includes 175 head of household as respondents as sample. Out of 175 respondents; almost all 94.9 percent were male and only 5.1 percent were female. The results of this study showed that the area had high social, economic and political exclusion in terms participating in social and political organization and employment in government sectors. The lack of education and higher education has been found as the main causes of exclusion in study area. Exclusion by various independent variables such as sex, citizenship, voting right, landholding pattern, education status, participating in social and political organization has been observed to social, economic and political exclusion. The correlation, regression and ANOVA technique has been utilize the study effect of landholding pattern, education, participating in social and political organization on exclusion. Low correlation between literacy status and participation in social and political organization and discrimination in public place has been found. It was found that education independently affecting the participation in social organization, political organization, and discrimination in public place by 22.1, 29.3 and 3.3 percent respectively. Similarly, low correlation between landholding pattern and participation in social organization and discrimination in public place and moderate correlation between landholding pattern and participating in political organization has been found. Land holding pattern independently affecting the participating in social organization, political organization and discrimination in public place by 14, 59.9 and 22 percent respectively. Likewise, moderate correlation between participation in social organization and participation in political organization and low correlation between participating in social and political organization and discrimination in public places has been found. Furthermore, participating in social organization independently affecting the participation in political organization and discrimination in public place by 49.9 and 2.8 percent respectively and participating in political organization independently affecting discrimination in public place by 21.3 percent.
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    Domestic violence against women in Nepal (A case study of Tharu community in Sunawal Aadarsha Village Development Committee, Nawalparasi)
    (Department of Population Studies, 2008) Aryal, Malati
    The study is done to know the real situation, cause and consequences of domestic violence against women. This study also focused on awareness of women towards violence, legal provision and position of reporting violence events in the study area. The study is conducted in “Kanwar” (Tharu) Community of Sunawal Aadarsha VDC Ward No. 1, 5 and 6 of Nawalparasi District. The respondents are from age group 15 -49 years, of them the highest 26.1 percent belong to age group 20 -24. Similarly, majority of the respondents are illiterate (65.2%). Overwhelmingly majority of the respondents are Hindu (98.3%) pursue agriculture occupation (97.1%). The knowledge toward domestic violence against women (DVAW) is almost universal among the respondents. It is reported that majority of the respondents (98.3%) have experienced DVAW at least once in their life. Cent percent literate respondents experienced DVAW as compared to 97.3 percent among illiterate women. There is higher prevalence of DVAW among women, who are engaged in agriculture sector. Cent percent respondents experienced violence torture due to birth of daughter and humiliation due to marriage with so- called lower cast. Majority of the respondents are victimized by male members (89.4%), 8 percent respondents are victimized by their female members and 2.7 percent are victimized by female and male both. Most of the respondents (72.6%) want to keep secret DVAW and only 27.4 percent report/ share their problem. About two-third of the respondents (64.5%) share violence incident with their friends. Similarly, 32.3 percent of the respondents share their problem with their relatives. Only about 3.2 percent respondents report their problems in police office for legal actions. Almost all the respondents (99.1%) said that lack of education is major cause of violence, and 90.4 percent also replied that economic dependency is the main cause for such events. Similarly, 6.1 percent told that the major cause of DVAW is alcoholism/drug abuse and some respondents (1.7%) said that main cause of DVAW is lack of effective enforcement of existing legal provisions on DVAW. Almost all the respondents (99.1%) said that by aware people, incidence of violence could be controlled by raising awareness about DVAW.
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    Access to decision making process : A study of widow women in Dharmasthali VDC
    (Department of Population Studies, 2010) Satyal, Kedar
    The study “Access to Decision Making Process, A study of widow women” is based on primary data from Dharmasthali VDC of Kathmandu district during October, 2009. The major objective of this study is to find out current socio-economic and demographic characteristics of widow women in the study area and to examine the access to decision making process of widow women on the basis of socio-economic characteristics including health, education, land ownership, economic and political opportunities, physical and psychological violence in the study area. By using data from 114 households of 712 individuals of all 9 wards information were collected through field survey with the help of purposive random sampling. The data were entered into EPI Data software and required Dummy table were generated through SPSS programme. Through mean, frequency table, cross table objectives were analysed and hypothesis were tested by the use of bivariate (Correlation Coefficient) analysis. In the study area only 6.73 percent population is found as widow/widower. Out of total respondents majority of population is found as Janajaties (49.12 percent), 73.68 percent is found as illiterate, 41.23 percent is found as household head, 64.91 percent is found as Hindu religious people and 38.60 percent population is involved in agriculture, only 3.51 percent respondents are found in below the age of 35 years and 85.96 percent were married before the age of 20 years. Access to Median Decision Making Process is calculated as the median of all seven areas as going treatment of health problem, attending any types of education, cropping of land, working outside to feed family, expensing money from income, participating political activities and involving social organization. The median access to decision making process is found as 0.466(less than 50%). In correlation coefficient, widow women who faced health problems have higher access to decision making process then who didn’t face. Increasing the level of education, transformation the ownership of land in own/son’s/daughter’s name, widow women who work outside to feed family and who got any political post have higher access to decision making process(these are negatively correlated with access to median decision making process). Participation in social organization have negative relationship in access to decision making process (i.e., negatively correlated -0.1351). Widow women who faced any types of violence have higher access to decision making process. Similarly widow women who got counseling have lower access to decision making process.
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    Status of elderly people in Nepal (A study of Uram Pokhara VDC, Parbat)
    (Department of Population Studies, 2016) Sharma, Rita
    Populations around the world are rapidly ageingand Nepal is one of them.Ageing presents both challenges and opportunities. It will increase demand for primary health care and long-term care. To supply these health care one shouldknow the status of elderly people. This study has analyzed the demographic andsocio-economic status of elderly peopleof Uram Pokhara VDC of Parbat districtalong with their health status and family security. This studywas conducted in Uram Pokhara VDC, Parbat district. The purposive sampling method was used. Thesample size was 133 of elderly peoples(60 years andabove) of the ward no 3,4,5,6 and 7 . There are52 percent femalesand48 percent males in the study area. Of them majority(36.8%) were fromMagar caste followedbyBrahmin(36.1%).About 56.4percentwere currently married and rest was window/widower. They had very poor educational status.Majority(45.6%)of the respondents were engaged inagriculture.About 30 percent respondent reported that their main sourceof income was agedallowance. About 75.2 percent of elderly people reported that they have health problems and of them 18percent were suffering from respiratory system. Though the elderly people are getting more allowance than before. They are facing different kinds of problems like health, economic and effective sanitation. Thus,policy and programs should focus on their program that directly or indirectly improve their lives.
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    Socio-demographic determinants of antenatal services utilization (A study among delivery seeking women in selected hospital of Pokhara, Nepal)
    (Department of Population Studies, 2023) Ahmad, Meraj
    Thesis entitled "Socio-Demographic Determinants of Antenatal Services Utilization: A Study Among Delivery Seeking Women in Selected Hospitals of Pokhara, Nepal” was aimed to assess Socio-Demographic factors affecting ANC utilization by women who had been shifted in postnatal wards after delivering a child at Manipal Teaching Hospital. Duration of data collection was set from 25 th June to 10 th July 2022. Total sample was determined during data collection period. Purposive sampling method was used It was a descriptive study and sample size was 321. Data were collected by using structured questionnaires by interviewing mothers. Data were entered and analyzed in SPSS version 20. Frequency distribution tables were used to display results in number and percentage along with p value and odds ratio wherever require by applying Chi-square and logistic regression test at 5 per cent level of significance. Major findings reveal that 81 per cent women completed ≥ 4 ANC visits out of which only 57 per cent had received good quality ANC services. Respondents’ educational status, occupation involved and number of children, monthly income of their spouse, family types and use of mass media (TV/radio/internet) were significant predictors for ≥4 ANC visits. The odds of seeking ≥ 4 ANC visits were 9 times more among women whose spouse’ monthly income were good (≥25,000 NRS/month) whereas, use of mass- media (TV/radio) accounts 10 times more likelihood of ≥4 ANC visits (OR=10.5, CI, 1.1-99.9). Likewise receipt of good quality ANC services showed significant association with mothers’ age, use of social media and intention to having children. Women having access to social media and intention of having children had 1.9 and 25 times more odds of receiving good quality. During ANC visits, more than 90 per cent of women received TT injection, 93 per cent had their blood pressure measured and ≥70 per cent women received folic acid and iron tablets. In summary respondents’ educational status, spouse monthly income and number of children were major socio-demographic factors for ≥ 4 ANC use while intended pregnancies, access of mass media (TV/radio) and social media had significant role that create awareness and encourage them to seek ANC services during complications and seeking medical advices.
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    Factors affecting women's knowledge, attitude and behavior towards HIV/AIDS in Nepal
    (Faculty of Population Studies, 2023) Sigdel, Uddhav
    Available with full text
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    The gender inclusion in local Government of Nepal: Knowledge and practices
    (Faculty of Humanities and Social Science, Population Studies, 2023) Sijapati, Dipendra Bikram
    Gender inclusion refers to the equal distribution of all power and services, opportunities, resources, establishments of rights and dignity to the male and female.The study based on the local level government with prospective of gender inclusion. The specific objectives of this study are to find out knowledge and practices of gender inclusiveness in local governments among the elected local body and to identify level of participation of female elected representatives in decision-making process. This study is based on cross-sectional research design and both primary source of data and secondary data were used. The study selected 358 local levels elected representatives as respondents. All the ward chairs and ward members were interview in the selected mulcipilities and Rural muncipitities of Lalitpur and jhapa districs. The field work was conducted in between 2075-10-5 (B.S.) to 2076-8-14 (B.S.). This data entered into SPSS database and results were obtained by frequency distributions, cross tabulations, male female proportion and Chi-Squire test. In this study, Knowladgeon gender inclusive was found to be universal to repondents. Mass Media was major sources of information. Gender equality and equal participation were understood as the equal participation of males and females in all local development. Majority of the respondent (95 %) reported that they had the knowledge about the meeting in which gender issue has been discussed. Almost all respondent reported that they participated in the meeting at the day time. In the meeting, the gender related issues were discussed.In addition, different areas of allocation of budget were discussed in the meeting ; women empowerment to income generation, reducing women's workload. In both study districts, majority (> 70 %) faced problems in demanding the budget in which the palika has not allocated the budget. Majority of respondents reported that they have formulated the policy and planning related to women empowerment, leadership plans, gender awareness and combating violence and cyber- crime, after being elected for local government. More than 87 percent male and female respondents reported that they have allocated budget on women's related area such as capacity building, programs targeted for women’s benefit, employment and income generation decreasing women’s work load and improving the quality work. vi In terms of level of participation in decision making process, more than 80 percent respondent reported that they have formulated the planning related to women empowerment after being elected for local government. In total, the plan formulation and budgeting has been focused in the skill development plans, income generation plan, empowerment and leadership plans, gender awareness on violence and cyber- crime. Jhapa district was more than double in percent for the formulation of skill development plans than Lalitpur district. In both districts, 68.6 percent, 8.5 percent and 22.9 percent respondents reported that they allocated gender friendly budget in different sectors which are Rs. 1-5 lakhs, 610 lakhs and 10-15 lakhs for capacity development of women sectors respectively. Majority of the respondents reported that they have allocated Rs.1-5 lakhs budget for women development sectors mostly capacity building of woman and followed by 1015 lakhs budget allocated for women development sectors. The study colcludes that women representation in local level is critically refers the declaration of constulation of Nepal in 2015. They shares more than 40 percent of the total local elected persons. But this numerical crtical mass has yet to translate in to understanding the gender inclusion in local government. The levels of understanding in gender inclusion, gender equalitys empowernment is still not adequate. The level of their real participation in decision making process in allocation of budgetincluding other activities that effect their life in still low but it is increasing due to their critical mass prosonal in the local government of Nepal. The real gender inclusion in local levels is possible, as policy advisers and policymakers transcend the artificial dichotomy between resources and services. Preconception based on gender and caste/ethnicity/ religious belief, women and those from marginalized and underprivileged groups to be generally incapable of decisionmaking sectors in local level development has to be avoided. The participants (men and women) were found to have low level of understanding on the gender inclusion concept and its operationalized definition. Among those who have some understanding of gender inclusion in local government, they need more awareness and skill development training about those issues of women's development in local level. They are still unable to decide on budget allocation of the local level and gender development sites because of their lack of knowledge.
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    Estimation and projection of the fertility: National, Provincial and local level in Nepal
    (Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences ,Population Studies, 2022) Devkota, Bijaya Mani
    Fertility levels and patterns provide an important demographic information regarding the population change, as well as socio-economic development and human well-being. There are very few specific studies in Nepal that estimate and project fertility among different caste/ethnic groups at the national, provincial and local levels. This study compares the fertility estimation and projection at national and its sub-domains, and verifies and validates in Nepal. National household censuses (2001 and 2011) were carried in 12.5 percent of the total households and (649,476 and 1,091,337) reproductive age group of sample women were identified through analysis respectively. Age sex pyramids and frequency table represent demographic scenario of national and provincial levels. The study was carried out adhering to the Arriaga method and changing P/F ratio method. Algorithm first smoothed local age specific rates (ASFR) using Empirical Bayes method and then applied a new variant of Brass’s P/F parity that is robust under conditions of rapid fertility decline at local level. The small area estimation (SAE) was applied at local level and different caste/ethnicity were selected to estimate the fertility which is the contribution of the study. Total fertility rate (TFR) values will reach at national level using linear interpolation, and extrapolation by 2031, it reaches replacement level. The study showed that the Muslim, Hill Janajati, Madhesi Dalit, Madheshi Other Caste, Hill Dalit and Others Minor Caste will have (2.37, 2.31, 2.32, 2.20, 2.37, 2.51) high fertility rate which is above the replacement level of fertility at the end of 2031. Similarly, the fertility rate of Newar, Tarai Janajiti, Brahman/Chhetri and Madheshi Brahman (1.58, 2.03, 2.09, 1.8) will have below the replacement level of fertility. At the province level, Karnali (3.42), Sudurpashchim (2.59) and Lumbini (2.14) will have high fertility rates; Madhesh Province and Gandaki will reach 2.1; Province 1 (2.05), Bagmati (1.9) will be below the replacement level in the same period. SAE is most useful when the vital registration system is incomplete and small local fertility samples made it difficult to estimate rates reliably; applying 742 (2001) and 753(2011) local levels in household census; mainly standardising the empirical Bayes Brass (EBB) method in Kanda (Smallest), Dhanushadam (middle) and Kathmandu (largest) at rural and urban municipal levels were selected respectively. The fertility of SAE is valuable for analysing demographic change and is important for local planning and programme. Future researchers can study to ward levels for more effective results.
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    The Nature of Child Labour: A Case Study of Dhungkharka VDC, Kavre
    (Department of Population Studies, 2008) Dahal, Khechar Nath
    Most of the underdeveloped and developing countries like Nepal have serious problems and vulnerable conditions of children. It has been existing as a sensitive national problem of child labour and child exploitation against child rights. In the context of Nepal, there are different reasons of child labour i.e. poverty, illiteracy, unawareness towards child education, discrimination of gender or caste/ethnicity, ignorance and unemployment. Exploitative socio-economic structure of marginalized poor people is compelled to adopt child labour. Nepal is undergoing transitional process of social transformation. It is impossible to achieve the goal if we do not integrate fundamental principles of human rights, social justice, and inclusive democracy with child rights in practice. That will be effective means of building new Nepal. The objectives of this study is observing the nature of child works in economic and non economic activities in Tamang and Brahmin communities of the study area. It has observed about the background characteristics i.e. educational status, types of works, working hours, parental status, types of works, working hours, gender status and so on. 108 households are selected in equal proportion of each ward of VDC for the purpose of the study where their children of under 15 are being used in economic and non economic activities. A significant proportion of child labourers reported that their parents are indebted, landlessness and poor. More children have been working from their parent’s advice. Child status is categorized in different conditions i.e. schooling only, schooling/working and neither schooling nor working children of Tamang and Brahmin communities. Income and expenditure of family shows least expenditure in education. Majority of wage earning children are dissatisfied from their earning due to the low wage and worst conditions of works. But their income and expenditure have positive relationship. Most of the children in the study area are malnourished due to food deficiency and inappropriate immunization. Children are more vulnerable condition in Tamang than Brahmin community.
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    Newborn care practice among Khas, Janajatis and Dalits in Shanishchare Primary Health Care Center (PHC) Area of Jhapa District
    (Department of Population Studies, 2011) Dahal, Ramesh Kumar
    With the aim of providing insights into the newborn care practice along with to identify the association between social, demographic, economic and modernization variables and newborn care practice in the Shanishchare PHC area, rural community of Jhapa District, a total 252 mothers were interviewed in household survey in companion with three case studies; 18 in-depth interviews with Mother-in-Law, TBA, AHW, ANM and MCHW; and four FGD with mothers having less than twelve month of baby in VDC immunization days. The entered data was exported from the Epidata to SPSS for the analysis. Three types of indexes, i.e. general index, newborn care index and development indexes was prepared for the analysis of newborn care practice. The newborn care index incorporates 25 studied variables. The newborn care practice was divided into three categories such as standard, moderate and poor index based on the achieved index value 0.74+, 0.40 to 0.74 and up to 0.39 respectively. Four types of development indexes such as demographic development index, social development index, economic development index and modernization development index was developed to test the hypothesis and for the cross tabulation with newborn care index. The score one to six was provided based on the cross table analysis and correlation coefficient between independent variables relating to economic, social, demographic and modernization variables and newborn care practice for making development indexes. The moderate newborn care practice was more common followed by standard and poor respectively. The newborn care practice was also studied in accordance with ethnicity i.e. Khas, Dalit and Indigenous nationalities (Janajati). Khas mothers were found better newborn care practice while Dalit in middle position and Janajati in least position. On the basis of the correlation coefficient between the development indexes and newborn care index, the study concluded that having higher social and demographic status of mothers have better newborn care practice in rural community. Likewise, better economic and modernization variables also contribute positively to enhance the newborn care practice.
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    Earthquake Induced Displacement and Livelihoods: the Case Of Severely Affected Districts of Nepal
    (Department of Population Studies, 2022) Shrestha, Madan Gopal
    The overall objective of the study is to understand and examine how humans react to a disaster situation like earthquake (EQ) and how they cope with the situation that prevailed in the 2015 Nepal earthquake induced displacement and followed by several subsequent aftershocks. The specific objectives were to study the processes of earthquake induced displacement and forced mobility and examine the shift in livelihood patterns due to the earthquake. For this study, the sampling involved three stages. In the first stage, the two heavily affected districts i.e. Sindhupalchok and Rasuwa from central mountain of Nepal were purposively selected. In the second stage, the relocated settlements of the earthquake induced displaced households were selected. Finally, in the third stage, individual households were selected using a systematic sampling procedure, and the total of 735 households were interviewed for this study. The study collected both quantitative and qualitative data using the structured survey questionnaire and qualitative information collection tools. The key finding of the study revealed that displaced households were already deprived and from socially disadvantaged groups. And still, they are vulnerable. The study examined that the root cause of displacement was the earthquake, but still they are prone to secondary disasters such as landslides, floods, and crake. The study concludes that earthquake generates a stream of displacement at the intra and inter-district and inter-intra Rural Municipality/ Municipality levels temporarily and permanently. There is clear evidence of livelihood shifts from better to the worsen situation. In an earthquake situation, there have been significant changes in livelihood capital assets namely - natural capital, human capital, physical capital, and social capital but not seemed significant change is evident in financial capital. The significant change in social capital is due to the loss of social networking at the new place of residence and a reduction in social and cultural rituals and participation. Significant changes in physical capital assets appear as loss of household assets these are used in daily livelihoods. In the case of human capital assets, there were significant changes after the earthquake and in some cases; positive changes were evident as some members of the affected households learn vocational skills and earthquake preparedness training, showing the fact that disasters may not always have negative impacts on livelihoods.
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    Factors Affecting Utilization of Safe Motherhood Services in Nepal
    (Faculty of Population Studies, 2017) Acharya, Sunil Kumar
    Available with full text
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    Demographic, Socio-Economic and Educational Status of Chepang Community
    (Department of Population Studies, 2017) Khatri, Anjana
    The main purpose of this study was to know the socio- economic and education status of Chepang community. The area of study was purposively selected as the Chepang community of Thakre VDC- wards 4,5,6,8 and 9 of Dhading district including the information of 130 households collected by using census method. The study was based on primary data which was obtained from the head of household of the Chepang community. The information was collected by using structured questionnaires and presented by descriptive approach. Most of the Chepangs were found to have followed agriculture as their principal occupation. 43.8 and 41.4 percent depend on agriculture and daily wages respectively, other people earn their living from small business, own industry and remittance. 48.8 percent Chepangs had their annual income between 10,000-50,000 whereas 33.8 percent households had their annual income between 60,000-1,00,000 and 17.8 percent households had their annual income above 1,00,000. Chepangs prefer nuclear family to joint one. 77.9 percent of Chepang are found to have still following Hindu Religion, 22.1 percent are Christian. The study shows that 27.6 percent of Chepangs people are illiterate can’t even read and write and 61.6 percent are literate but only 7.6 percent of them have got higher education. Awareness of the importance education is increasing in new generations than older ones. School dropout rate in primary level is 33.7 percent and in lower secondary level is 48.1 percent. 3.8 percent don’t want to go to school, 33.7 drop school due to household work, 15.6 percent due to marriage and 16.8 percent stopped going to school as they failed the exam. It is found that Chepang community is socially, economically and educationally back warded. The participation of female is lower in comparison to that of male in educational and socio-economic aspects. Chepangs, still are not able to come in the national mainstream of development mainly due to illiteracy, poor economic condition and social backwardness. Although, they are considered as back warded group by the government, still, no any intensive programmes have not been implemented to raise their living standard. Hence, it can be said that the major factors holding back the development of Chepang community are educational, economic, and social structure.
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    Estimation and Projection of the Fertility: National, Provincial and Local Level in Nepal
    (Faculty of Population Studies, 2022) Devkota, Bijaya Mani
    Fertility levels and patterns provide an important demographic information regarding the population change, as well as socio-economic development and human well-being. There are very few specific studies in Nepal that estimate and project fertility among different caste/ethnic groups at the national, provincial and local levels. This study compares the fertility estimation and projection at national and its sub-domains, and verifies and validates in Nepal. National household censuses (2001 and 2011) were carried in 12.5 percent of the total households and (649,476 and 1,091,337) reproductive age group of sample women were identified through analysis respectively. Age sex pyramids and frequency table represent demographic scenario of national and provincial levels. The study was carried out adhering to the Arriaga method and changing P/F ratio method. Algorithm first smoothed local age specific rates (ASFR) using Empirical Bayes method and then applied a new variant of Brass’s P/F parity that is robust under conditions of rapid fertility decline at local level. The small area estimation (SAE) was applied at local level and different caste/ethnicity were selected to estimate the fertility which is the contribution of the study. Total fertility rate (TFR) values will reach at national level using linear interpolation, and extrapolation by 2031, it reaches replacement level. The study showed that the Muslim, Hill Janajati, Madhesi Dalit, Madheshi Other Caste, Hill Dalit and Others Minor Caste will have (2.37, 2.31, 2.32, 2.20, 2.37, 2.51) high fertility rate which is above the replacement level of fertility at the end of 2031. Similarly, the fertility rate of Newar, Tarai Janajiti, Brahman/Chhetri and Madheshi Brahman (1.58, 2.03, 2.09, 1.8) will have below the replacement level of fertility. At the province level, Karnali (3.42), Sudurpashchim (2.59) and Lumbini (2.14) will have high fertility rates; Madhesh Province and Gandaki will reach 2.1; Province 1 (2.05), Bagmati (1.9) will be below the replacement level in the same period. SAE is most useful when the vital registration system is incomplete and small local fertility samples made it difficult to estimate rates reliably; applying 742 (2001) and 753(2011) local levels in household census; mainly standardising the empirical Bayes Brass (EBB) method in Kanda (Smallest), Dhanushadam (middle) and Kathmandu (largest) at rural and urban municipal levels were selected respectively. The fertility of SAE is valuable for analysing demographic change and is important for local planning and programme. Future researchers can study to ward levels for more effective results.
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    Uterine Prolapse and its Impact on the Health of Married Women ( A Case Study of Shodasha Devi VDC of Achham District)
    (Department of Population Studies, 2016) Kunwar, Devendra Bahadur
    A small – scale descriptive and explorative study was carried out among those who are suffered by Uterus prolapsed to the asses the "Uterine Prolapsed and Its Impact on the Health of Married Women of Shodashadevi VDC Achham District. The study explores the socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge on uterine prolapsed and access the causes the health impact of uterine prolapsed among ever married women. The purposive sampling method was applied in selecting the respondents in this study. Interview schedule with open and closed types both questions were used to collect the data. The socio-economic conditions are relatively considerable and literacy status in this VDC is poor. Access to health facilities is limited. This study finds the literate women 39 percent. Similarly, the respondents who suffer from uterine prolapse belonging to primary level of education are high (21%) than the upper level of education. Respondents who highly (83 %) suffer from the problem of uterine prolapse are agricultural based women as the other or non agricultural sectors. The highest number of 64 percent respondent's shows that suffered from uterus prolapsed at the age of 40-49 years. The number of 54 percent shows that suffered respondents Dalit caste and lower number of respondents 46 percentage were Chetri caste. And 35 percent respondents were got marriage at age of 15-18yeras and 16 percent were marriage at age of below 15 year s. It was found that 74 percent respondents were first pregnancy at the age of 15-17 years. This study shows that most of the respondent's perceptions about the causes of uterine prolapse are in adequate post-natal care and lifting weight load during household work. Most of the respondents were economically poor and uneducated, so women's reproductive health is very poor and they have various health problems. Most of the women are dominated by their husband, family and society. Due to the lack of awareness and health service, they do not go for medical treatment, but they usually consult with Dhmi–jhankri. They do not have practice to take care and rest at pregnancy and after delivery as well as they don't take nutritious food. This problem has been found deeply rooted and very severe in large part of the female population. But some are visited health centre or health camp for treatment themselves