Civil Engineering

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14540/17049

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    Optimizing Charging Station Locations for Public Transport Route Coverage in Kathmandu Valley
    (I.O.E, 2025-04) Khatiwada, Purushartha; Pradhananga, Rojee
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    Numerical Study of Bearing Capacity under Strip footing having underground void : A Case of Lamachaur Pokhara
    (I.O.E, 2025-04) Nepal, Bibek; Yadav, Santosh Kumar
    The main objective is to conduct a detail examination of strip footing behavior - those with an infinite length to width ratio- on Pokhara soil with voids in different location with respect to the foundation.
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    Prediction of Optimum Bitumen Content in Asphalt Mix Design Using Artificial Neural Network
    (I.O.E, 2024-07) Giri, Moti Ram; Tamrakar, Gautam Bir Singh
    The Marshall design process, commonly employed for estimating Optimum Bitumen Con-tent (OBC), is known for its designation as the asphalt mix design and quality control of asphalt concrete is often constrained by the conventional Marshall Mix Design methodol-ogy. Which is characterized by its time-intensive nature, labor requirements, and suscepti-bility to result variations. This study explores different predictive modeling techniques to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of determining Optimum Binder Content (OBC), Me-chanical and Volumetric properties of hot mix asphalt. The study examines Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Random Forest (RF) models to predict mechanical (MST, MFV) and volumetric prop-erties (AV, BSG, VFA, VMA) using variables such as aggregate gradation, specific grav-ity, and proportions of fine and coarse aggregates in the mix. A comprehensive dataset of 148 Marshall mix design forms was collected, and 141 valid sets were used after outlier analysis. Descriptive statistics revealed skewness, and compliance checks against SSRBW 2016 standards highlighted areas of concern in Marshall quotient and Filler-Binder Ratio. Centrality analysis showed significant deviations between mid-point gradation and sample mean for specific gradations.
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    Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Road Traffic Crash Hotspots in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
    (I.O.E, 2024-07) K.C., Anuradha; Pradhananga, Rojee
    Kathmandu Valley is one of the rapidly urbanizing cities in Nepal, which registers the highest incidence of road traffic crashes compared to other regions in the country. Identifying the dangerous road sections where the crashes happen frequently (or simply hotspots) is a critical initial move towards devising effective strategies for reducing the future severe incidences in the Valley. On this account, this thesis aimed to pinpoint the hotspots in the Valley by examining the spatial and temporal patterns of reported traffic crashes. The study also took an additional step by investigating relationship of hotspot occurrences with two spatial factors; population density and land use. The study utilized three years of crash data (2019-2021) collected from Traffic Police Office, and road network polylines obtained from Survey Department. Of the total data, 23,278 (79.55%) crashes and 912.54 km of road network were analyzed. The temporal distribution reveals a notable increasing trend of crashes and their severity. The incidence of fatalities and severe injuries reaches its highest level during the month from October to April. The highest frequency of crashes is recorded during the weekday morning rush hours, from 8:00 AM to 12:00 PM, in the afternoon time, from 12.00 PM to 4:00 PM and in the evening around sunset, from 4:00 PM to 8:00 PM, but severer incidences are reported during night hours and during weekends
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    Assessing Service Quality of Ride Hailing Bike Service within Kathmandu Valley
    (I.O.E, 2024-07) Chaudhary, Ambika; Shrestha, Pradeep K.
    Adopting a sustainable transportation approach necessitates a shift towards eco-friendly travel modes, such as ride-hailing bike services like Pathao and Indrive. These services which have introduced a potentially transformative change to Nepal's transportation landscape are prominent in Kathmandu valley, as evidenced by their daily ridership and public recognition. Being a relatively new concept, assessing its service quality is crucial for its continued viability. Evaluating perceived service quality involves a complex decision making process that considers various observed and unobserved factors. This study evaluates the service quality of Pathao and Indrive bike services using structure equation modeling to identify unobserved influencing factors. Six latent factors were identified through factor analysis. An empirical model was developed to understand the interactions among key variables affecting service quality. SPSS 22 and SPSS Amos 21 were used for model development. The study found that user safety is the most significant latent variable influencing service quality followed by service features and application efficiency. The heterogeneity among users regarding different service quality attributes were also analyzed. This study will provide valuable insights to improve these services, enhancing their effectiveness and usability and provide clarity to inform suitable policy decisions.
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    Experimental Testing and Characterization of Bambusa Balcooa and bambusa Nutans for Analysis and Design of Bamboo Structures
    (2023-12) Poudel, Sarowar
    The purpose of this research/thesis is to investigate and define (for the first time) the mechanical properties of the two natively growing and primarily utilized bamboo species in Nepal, namely: Ban/Dhanu baans (Bambusa balcooa) and Maal baans (Bambusa nutans). Here bamboo related ISO standards and ASTM D 5764 – 97a (2002) were followed for conducting material tests and analysis. Shaft-bolt arrangement of connections were tested according to the preexisting details used previously in construction in Nepal. While Gusset plate arrangement of connection were designed using material properties of B. balcooa with intent of IIIs or IV mode of failure according to yield equations from TR 12 of American Wood Council, then tested. These two typologies of connection were tested from both species, each having two variants namely, confined (with hose-clamps) and unconfined (without hose-clamps). Measurement and Test data were analyzed to compute geometrical imperfection in bamboo culms, characteristic values of mechanical strengths and interpretation of connection tests.
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    STUDY OF PAVEMENT RESPONSE TO VEHICLE LOADING AND EVALUATION OF DAMAGE DUE TO OVERLOAD
    (IOE Pulchowk Campus, 2023-04) Paudel, Roshit Raj; Laha, Kamlesh; Subedi, Pratik; Khadka, Pratiksha; Timilsina, Sabit; Katwal, Sailendra
    Flexible pavements are extensively utilized in roadway and airport construction due to their capacity to endure traffic loads and deformations. Finite element (FE) analysis has emerged as a prominent tool for projecting the performance of flexible pavements subjected to varying traffic loads and environmental conditions. In this report, an FE model of a flexible pavement was established and scrutinized through the use of the commercial software ABAQUS. The model encompassed numerous layers, including asphalt concrete, base, subbase, and subgrade layers. Validation of the FE model was done using IITPAVE. The linear model of the developed stress exhibited an increment in response with a rise in vehicular speed, whereas the viscoelastic model revealed a decline in stress with an increase in vehicular speed. It was found that the viscoelastic pavement has a higher response than linear elastic pavement and was concluded that the viscoelastic pavement is subjected to damage earlier than the linearly elastic pavement due to the development of more strain in viscoelastic pavement than in linearly elastic pavement. The findings of the FE analysis divulged that the pavement responses were heavily influenced by the individual properties of the various pavement layers and the traffic loads applied. Additionally, the report addresses the issue of pavement failure due to overloaded vehicles on highways in Nepal, which reduces the road's service life. The findings indicate that the major cause of pavement failure is vehicle overload, with a decrease in remaining service life for the pavement ranging from 46 to 68 percent for an average value of overloading. The study also found that the required increase in asphalt overlaying due to vehicle overload is 15 to 21 percent for an average value of overloading. The CESAL values obtained through different methods provide fairly consistent estimates for the reduction in pavement service life and the increase in overlay thickness.
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    STUDY OF COMBINED PILE RAFT FOUNDATION ON THE SOIL OF CHAKUPAT AREA
    (IOE Pulchowk Campus, 2023-04) Pathak, Aastha; Mahat, Anil; Paudel, Bikram; Shrestha, Binayaraj; Banstola, Binit; Chhantyal, Bipin
    Traditional foundations cannot support a structure on weak soil or heavily settling soil. For the purpose of controlling settlement, pile raft foundations are used, with the raft part providing additional capacity at ultimate loading while the piles provide the majority of stiffness under serviceability loads. The utilisation of pile raft foundations in the Chakupat area which lies in the Kathmandu Valley is the subject of this research. The Kathmandu Valley is located in an earthquake-prone area. After the 2015 earthquake, it is suggested to implement a more solid and appropriate building strategy. The ideal alternative for the construction is a piling raft foundation. As more and more tall structures are constructed in Kathmandu, the pile raft foundation has a good chance of success in the valley of Kathmandu. This research explains the idea behind using piles to reduce settlement for raft foundations as well as how pile rafts behave in the soil of Chakupath area. Model tests using the ideas of an embedded pile and a volumetric pile are carried out and compared.This study shows the percentage of weight carried by piles in the CPRF (Combined pile raft foundation) falls as the number of piles is reduced, and increases as pile length is raised. The findings of the model were compared with other papers as well as with analytical calculations for confirmations. A foundation with raft thickness of 0.6 m, pile length of 15 m, diameter of 1 m, and spacing of 4 m is the most suited in Chakupat Area when taking into consideration the examination of the soil structure, settlement, economy, and load sharing. The results show that the CPRF model has a bearing capacity of 573969.62kN, a factor of safety of 4.42, and a stiffness of 433886.01 kN/m. The estimated cost for the selected model was NRs. 76109910.25. The study concluded that CPRF was a feasible foundation for the soil of the Chakupat area, and the proposed model was safe for construction. The findings can provide valuable information for future construction projects in the area, and the cost estimation can aid in budget planning.
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    “DELINEATION OF GROUND WATER RECHARGE POTENTIAL ZONES OF CHITWAN DISTRICT”
    (IOE Pulchowk Campus, 2023-04) Shiwakoti, Shubham; Aryal, Smaran; Giri, Subash; Pandit, Suraj; Timsina, Susan; Agrawal, Tarun
    This research analyzes the ground water recharge potential and identifies the high ground water recharge potential zones in Chitwan district. The calculation and estimation of groundwater recharge is the way to understand the groundwater reservoir and forecast its potential accessibility. The main objective of this study is to assess the groundwater recharge and its controlling factors at Chitwan District included as Rapti and Narayani catchment basin. Groundwater recharge process is crucial for maintaining the water balance in an area and securing sustainable water supply for drinking, agriculture and industrial purposes and it is also very necessary for the management of both surface and subsurface water resources. Our study uses the application of analytical hierarchical process (AHP) on geospatial analysis for the exploration of potential zones for artificial groundwater recharge. Various aspects of earth surface features such as geology, geomorphology, soil types, land use and land cover, slope, aspect, precipitation, population density, elevation etc. are taken in consideration that influence the groundwater recharge in either direct or indirect way. These thematic layers are prepared and extracted using population data, Landsat 8 image, topographical map, and various other data sources. Weighted analysis and union of data obtained is used for formation of recharge map in this study. A pair-wise matrix analytical method is used to calculate the geometric mean and normalized weight of individual parameters also known as AHP analysis. Further, the normalized weighted layers are mathematically overlaid for preparation of groundwater recharge potential zone map. The results reveals that around 133.17 sq. km (6%) of total area has been identified as high potential zone for groundwater recharge. The forest areas in central part and south western part have high potential for groundwater recharge. Hilly and mountain terrains in north Mahabharata range are considered as unsuitable zone with very low groundwater recharge potential.
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    Detailed Engineering Survey, Design and Cost estimation of Chhaling Road
    (IOE Pulchowk Campus, 2023-04) Maharjan, Garima; Khadka, Gaurav; Shreesh, Hari; Shrestha, Isha; Adhikari, Niraj; Adhikari, Prashant
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    EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED HOSPITAL BUILDING
    (IOE Pulchowk Campus, 2023-04) Dhakal, Dipak; Maharjan, Kiran Kumar; Sharma, Kushal; Tiwari, Nimee; Awasthi, Nishant; Sigdel, Nishchal Nath
    The objective of this project is not solely restricted to the B.E. Civil final semester curriculum, as it also offers the student community a comprehensive report on "Seismic Analysis and Design of Multistoried Hospital Building," covering a range of topics. A building must satisfactorily fulfill numerous functions, both structural and aesthetic. These functions include the building's usability for its intended purpose and occupancy, its structural safety, its ability to withstand fires, and its adherence to hygienic sanitation, ventilation, and daylight standards. Additionally, the building must be stable and structurally sound, with its design dependent on the minimum requirements for each of these functions. Following the Gorkha Earthquake that occurred on April 25th, 2015, the construction of multistoried buildings has been under close scrutiny and supervision by structural engineers. Before commencing construction, it is vital to verify the design quality of various structural elements of a building and maintain quality control during the construction process. Additionally, it is essential to consider the different types of loads that the structure will encounter during its service life. This report outlines the considerations, procedures, and results of the structural design of a hospital building to be constructed in Pokhara. In this report, special care has been taken to the analysis of vertical and lateral forces and detailing of structural elements and is conformed to respective codes in every way possible. Efforts been made to ensure that this report is free of errors, but mistakes may still occur. Constructive criticism is warmly welcomed, and we would be obliged if any errors are brought to our attention.
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    ASSESSING CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON CROP YIELD: A CASE OF TULSIPUR, DANG
    (IOE Pulchowk Campus, 2023-04) Lekhak, Bhakti; Bastola, Bishal; Karna, Chandra Jyoti; Banjade, Dipesh; Zuber, Md.; Kalauni, Nabin
    Climate change has created a serious concern for food security, extreme hydrological conditions, environment, ecology, health, and even entire human civilization. A developing country like Nepal is even more vulnerable to climate change impacts due to our weak infrastructure. Climate change is projected to have devastating impacts on crop yield. This study aims to assess the impacts of climate change on crop water requirements and crop yield in Tulsipur, Dang. It also aims to aid climate research in Nepal by the development of climate information system and projection of future climate in the region using Global Climate Models (GCMs). Temperature and precipitation data from stations all over Nepal were acquired in a gridded format by Kriging with External Drift (KED) interpolation. For the projection of future data, five CMIP6 based GCM models were used, and bias corrected to form an ensemble. Future climatic data was obtained under two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Scenarios (SSPs): SSP245 and SSP585. The multi-model ensemble (MME) approach was used to minimize uncertainty associated with model predictions, and GCMs proposed were selected. The quantile mapping (QM) method was used for correcting the biases in the GCMs, and the RQUANT method was chosen for rainfall data, while the ‘PTF: linear method’ was used for temperature data. A crop simulation model (AquaCrop) was calibrated and validated using cultivar-specific and less conservative parameters obtained from farmer surveys, input climatic daily data, and soil properties. The calibrated model was then used to predict future crop yield scenarios for rice and wheat under different irrigation strategies and fertility stress levels. The data acquired from the climate information system has shown a good fit (R2 = 0.913) with nearby station data in Tulsipur and hence shows promising utility in replacing station data as starting point for future climate studies. Additionally, climate projection studies show that Dang is expected to experience progressive warming and increased rainfall in future (2021-2100). Wet seasons are projected to continue receiving more rainfall and rising temperatures which is likely to induce extreme events such as flooding. Conversely, dry winter seasons are likely to be drier and hotter in the future, which is detrimental to winter crops. The results of our study show a positive response of crop yield to climate change. Rice yield is projected to increase by as much as 112% by 2100 under extreme carbon emission scenarios. Similarly, wheat yield is projected to increase as much as 165% under similar ideal conditions. On the other hand, crop water requirements are projected to increase for both rice and wheat. The study also provides useful information for climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies in Nepal and recommends further research to improve the accuracy and reliability of crop simulation.