Architecture Engineering

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14540/104

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OPEN DATA FOR URBAN PLANNING IN NEPAL
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Dahal, Prabal
Strategies and Challenges for Urban Green Spaces: A Case Study of Butwal Sub-Metropolitan City
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Karki, Manisha
Urban forms are changing and becoming more ad hoc. Urban green spaces are an integral element of a city's public open spaces and services, contributing to the health and wellbeing of city people. Therefore, it is essential to make sure that public green spaces are evenly distributed around the city and are easily accessible to all. Ensuring the effective preservation, establishment, and growth of green areas stands as a crucial factor in attaining sustainable urban development. The case of Butwal Sub-Metropolitan City is analyzed in this paper to examine the challenges and strategies involved in safeguarding and promotion of these essential green areas. A mixed methodological approach was considered for data collection, including interviews, observation, mapping, and analysis using various parameters and collection of required information from documents. The study reveals disparities in the distribution of green space around the city, particularly in highly populated regions, with an emphasis on accessibility, distribution, and the impact of local regulations. This study has made some important observations by carefully examining the urban environment of Butwal. First, it showed that there were differences in how green spaces were distributed throughout the city, with densely crowded wards frequently lacking sufficient access to these vital amenities. Second, it brought to light the difficulties encountered by local governments in the absence of clear typologies, standards, and enabling laws for the design and development of green spaces.
THE ROLE OF WATER BODIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENHANCEMENT AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Timalsina, Yuvaraj
This research used various techniques such as survey, interview, through observation, municipality data etc. in order to analyze environment, economic development, physical development as well as understand people’s perspective of lake enhancing environment and developing urban areas. Therefore, both qualitative as well as quantitative method of data and information collection were used. The development of locality before and after construction of lake was also studied to observe the change brought by lake. The study showed that although the lake is still in construction phase, it has been able to provide employment opportunity, enhance economy of overall municipality, increase development around the area as well as make the surrounding climate and environment much more livable. Number of shops, food stalls, various recreational activities etc. have been constructed around the boundary of lake. people of the municipality have been able to make their loving dur to the presence of the lake. Through survey it was found that not only the people residing around the lake area observed that the temperature during summer is cooler around lake than other nearby area but also the participants believed that the winter temperature is slightly warmer around lake. Finally, new trend of developments activities has emerged in around the municipality. There has been construction of small zoo, Bagmati ghat, Bagmati fun park etc. Hence, this Lake have been able to enhance the environment as well as promote development round the area where there was barren land with no infrastructure at past.
Resilient Resettlement Strategies for Marginalized Population: A case of Sampanna Basti, Biratnagar 12
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-11) Maharjan, Shirish
Nepal, characterized by its diverse ethnicity, encompasses numerous marginalized groups that struggle with challenges like inadequate land ownership and limited access to essential services. These disadvantaged communities are the ones that are most affected during disasters. Nepal has initiated several resettlement initiatives for affected communities to deal the issues of poverty, landlessness, and enhance living standards. However, these projects often tend to neglect the elements of resilience and sustainability, resulting in unsuccessful resettlements. Therefore, it is essential to integrate resilience into the planning process right from the start, ensuring the effectiveness and success of resettlement. This study explores resettlement initiative as applied to marginalized populations, focusing on the case of Sampanna Basti in Biratnagar-12. Field observation, key-informant interview, questionnaire survey has been done to understand the approach of resettlement and its challenges. It studies the real ground issues from the ’Sampanna Basti’ resettlement project in Biratnagar-12, initiated by collaboration of local bodies, NGOs and INGOs, by considering factors of resilience such as community engagement, socio-economic considerations, infrastructure development, institutional support, and disaster risk reduction measures.
ASSESSING HITI SYSTEM AS A NATURE BASED SOLUTION IN ADDRESSING WATER SECURITY IN KATHMANDU VALLEY
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Awale, Sarik
Water security is a global concern, with Kathmandu Valley, the largest urban agglomeration in Nepal, facing its own set of water issues such as water stress, water affordability, water resilience, declining ground water levels and urban pluvial flooding. Research from various regions has underscored that solely relying on built infrastructure is insufficient for resolving long-term water security issues. Consequently, a comprehensive approach that combines built infrastructure solutions with nature-based solutions is essential. Drawing inspiration from “sponge cities”, which is based on the ancient water management wisdom of China, and is a leading example of Nature Based solutions, this research explores the potential of Hiti System which is the indigenous water management system of Kathmandu Valley and is deeply rooted within the community, as the Nepalese version of Nature based solution for addressing water security. The study aims to showcase this by highlighting how the system acts to in conservation of ecosystem, promotes local resource utilization and community engagement, through the two successful case studies of Alko Hiti and Pimbahal Pond of Patan. The research being mostly qualitative and having parts of descriptive results, the study has been carried out through field observations, key informant interviews, semi structured interviews with the community and literature review. The research then channelizes these findings to present how water security is being addressed through these efforts. Further the study attempts to view Hiti System as a sustainable means to address water security, and advocates that it should not be limited to the perspective of cultural preservation.
Assessing the Spatial Distribution and Locational Impact of Fuel Service Stations –A Case Study of Kathmandu Metropolitan City
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Subedi, Rachita
The spatial distribution and locational impact of fuel service stations play a crucial role in urban planning, transportation, and environmental management. This thesis aims to assess and analyze the spatial distribution patterns of petrol service stations, as well as their locational impact on surrounding areas. By understanding the current distribution patterns, policymakers and urban planners can make informed decisions to optimize the placement of petrol service stations for efficient access, minimize adverse environmental effects, and enhance urban sustainability. The study will employ a mixed-methods approach, combining spatial analysis techniques, GIS, and qualitative data analysis. It will examine the spatial distribution patterns of fuel service stations in Kathmandu, identifying any clustering or spatial variations. Additionally, the research investigates the locational impact of these stations on surrounding areas, including traffic congestion, air quality, land use, and socio-economic factors.
Quality Assessment of Urban Green Parks – A Case of Kathmandu Metropolitan City
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Khanal, Prativa
Urban green spaces play a crucial role in enhancing the urban living experience, extending beyond their visual appeal. These spaces serve as vital components in fostering community well-being and addressing complex challenges associated with rapid urbanization, pollution, and urban expansion. The research's primary goal was to create a comprehensive tool for evaluating the quality of urban green parks. Employing a mixed-method approach, the study conducted an in-depth literature review to identify key dimensions and corresponding indicators essential for a thorough assessment of urban green park quality. And also survey was carried out on three prominent parks in Kathmandu Metropolitan City namely Balaju Park, Ratna Park, and Shankha Park. The subsequent calculation of quality scores aimed to offer valuable insights into the overall quality of these urban green spaces.
Public Private Partnership in Sustainable Solid Waste Management: A case of Madhyapur Thimi
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Moktan, Pampha
Sustainable solid waste management through Public Private Partnership(PPP) projects have been initiated in the municipalities of Nepal in recent years. PPPs combine the skills, knowledge and resources of both the public and private sectors through appropriate sharing of risks, rewards and responsibilities. This research explores roles and responsibilities of the major stakeholders of PPP and how they are working collaboratively to manage solid waste sustainably in Ward 4 of Madhyapur Thimi Municipality. The municipality has initiated best practice of waste management through composting done at Rikishi Compost Pvt. Ltd. This research emphasizes on private sector participation for sustainable practices in waste sector to reduce waste to landfills and create opportunities. Resource recovery has the capacity to reduce financial, environmental and social burdens on the municipality and even unlock new revenue streams. The various enabling and constraints factors for the successful operation of the project were studied through perception of local government, private party and affected households. In addition, the study examined case studies with good practices of SWM through PPP model, reviewed PPP policies and SWM policies focusing on private sector participation for turning waste to valuable resource. The study finds that peoples’ participation, monitoring, training and awareness program for segregation at source is not conducted on regular basis. The service user lack awareness about benefits of waste recovery projects. The local government lacks proper monitoring and feedback mechanism, financial investment and land for the expansion of the project to larger scale. The private company faces difficulty to compete in the market in absence of subsidy to the recovered product, inadequate supply of segregated waste and lacks continued political support. Based on the analysis, strategies for improving enabling environment for successful implementation of PPP in sustainable SWM have been explored.
Understanding Human-Environment Relationship of Local Communities - A Case Study of Nijgadh International Airport
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Rathi, Neha
The human-environment relationship is changing with expansion of infrastructure over the years. While infrastructure expansion is integral to the national development, the associated consequences such as environmental degradation, social injustice and economic marginalization of local communities are often overlooked. This study seeks to understand the relationship between local communities and their surrounding environment; along with the socio-economic consequences due to infrastructure expansion. The research focuses on three settlements in and near the Nijgadh forest of Nepal: Tangiya Basti, Kathgaon, and Matiyani Tole which lie in the project area of Nijgadh International Airport. Qualitative methods such as Key Informant Interviews (KII), Focus Group Discussions, and Observations and Quantitative methods such as Household survey has been carried out in addition to review of different literatures. The research reveals the community are dependent on their surrounding ecosystem for livelihood such as agriculture, cattle grazing, chopping firewoods, non-timber forest products, etcetera. The findings also reveal how infrastructure projects can hinder development, taking the investment away from communities for their access of basic infrastructure services such as electricity, communication network, hospitals for years.
SEQUESTRATION OF BLUE LAND: AN URBANIZATION CONFLICT IN THE CASE OF JANAKPUR DHAM SUB-METROPOLITAN CITY, NEPAL
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) SAH, MANISHA KUMARI
Water is the 'elixir of life,' but because modernity and haphazard urbanization have changed human lifestyles and behaviors, people who formerly depended on the Blue Land have been cut off from it. Once thriving centers of activity and culture, ponds now face challenges from waste buildup and greywater drainage, which results in pond encroachment in vital resources to be converted into urban infrastructure such as roads, public buildings, or privately owned assets, often controlled by wealthy people, i.e. mahant. Declared the "City of Pond," Janakpur Dham is situated at the center of a major urban dispute arising from the sequestration of its valuable Blue Land resources by its users. The pond is the basis or evolution of the towns surrounding it. The accelerated rate of urbanization is posing a serious threat to these water bodies, which have immense historical, religious, and cultural value. The objective of this research is to formulate blue land inclusion planning, aiming to benefit the local community, enhance climate resilience, and contribute to disaster risk reduction.
Spatial Analysis for identification of suitable areas to promote dense settlements in the case of Kageshwori Manohara Municipality
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Pudasaini, Krishna Hari
Land Pooling as a Land Development Tool in Rural Context: “A Case Study of Deukhuri Dang”
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Thapa, Keshav
Nepal has rapidly urbanized during the past ten years. Numerous urban areas have been designated as a result of this urban transition, and numerous land development strategies, such as Site and Services, Guided Land Development (GLD), and Land Pooling (LP), have been used. The administration wants to develop Deukhuri Valley in the Dang district as the future site of the province capital, but LP projects are facing obstacles there as well. In this study, the Deukhuri Valley is used as a case study to evaluate the viability of LP as a land development technique in a rural setting. The province government wants to develop Deukhuri Valley in Dang district as the future site of the province capital, but the initiated LP projects are facing obstacles there as well. The research looks into the practices now in place for LP implementation, community acceptability, and the financial viability of LP projects. The study combines secondary data sources like policy papers and geographic data with primary data gathering techniques including site observation, structured questionnaires, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. The descriptive data along with comparative analysis showed that there is a lot of skepticism about the land development initiatives among the populace, which is largely attributed to mistrust of the government, slow initiation to the project, and insufficient attempts to raise awareness.
Integrating Urban Forests and Parks in Solid Waste Management in the Growing Urban Areas: “A Case of Ward 15 of Dharan”
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Karki, Chudamani
With cities rapidly growing worldwide, effective waste management has become a substantial challenge in both developed and developing urban settings. According to projections by the World Bank, global waste generation is expected to increase from 2.01 billion tons in 2016 to 3.40 billion tons in 2050, with low-income countries facing a threefold increase, amplifying challenges related to waste mismanagement. Dharan, a city in eastern Nepal, facing similar challenges, produces about 50.92 tons of municipal waste daily. Due to the absence of an official landfill site, a significant portion of this waste is disposed of in the Bajhagara forest area. Since unsanitary dumping is an unsustainable solution, it poses various adverse effects on the environment. This study seeks to evaluate the current state of solid waste management practices in Dharan, focusing on the prevalent use of forest areas for disposal. The research also reviews existing literature on similar initiatives worldwide, drawing valuable lessons and insights. Additionally, it explores how the community perceives and engages with current waste management and disposal methods, focusing on Ward No. 15, where the municipal dumping site is located. Employing a mixed-methods approach, incorporating literature review, surveys, GIS mapping, and analysis, this research investigates the present Dharan's solid waste management system. It aims to explore the potential for improving waste management to enhance the environment, biodiversity, and community well-being. The findings of this research can provide valuable lessons and insights into sustainable waste management practices.
Investigating Location Attributes For Industrial Area Development: A Case Area of Balaju Industrial Area.
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-11) Simkhada, Ashish
Industrial areas play a significant role in the economic growth and sustainability of any region. The choice of an ideal location for industrial growth is an important choice with an impact on several stakeholders, including enterprises, communities, and governments. This study focuses on the investigation of location attributes for industrial area development, with a specific case study of the Balaju Industrial Area, situated in Kathmandu, Nepal. The study takes a different approach to examine the major variables affecting industrial growth in particular region. In-depth literature reviews, surveys, and interviews are conducted to collect data. Regression analysis was then used to investigate the relationship between the impact and industrial location satisfaction. Following the discovery of such relationship, location attributes are investigated and recommended. The study examines and assesses several geographical characteristics that have been necessary for the industrial development are studied and identified. One of the key findings of this study is that the site of an industrial development directly affects the community and can have both positive and negative effects. As a result, it is essential to allocate location attributes for industrial development carefully. According to this study, it is major to consider a variety of factors, including infrastructure, a skilled and semi-skilled labor force, availability of land, safety and security, new technology, research center, effective laws and policies, accessibility to markets, financial viability, and environmental sustainability, when choosing a location for industrial development. The study's conclusion emphasizes the necessity for a holistic approach for developing industrial areas that takes into account the interaction between location attributes and their effects on economic, social, and environmental issues.
RESIDENTS’ PERCEPTION ON IMAGE OF THE CITY
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Ghimire, Anup
Urbanization in Asian cities, influenced by Western planning, has led to large, homogeneous structures, creating vulnerability to people. Building inclusive and city with a unique image to solve the problem, is possible by using "People First" participatory planning. A city's image and residents’ behavior are influenced by individual perceptions. This thesis takes a different approach by stressing how locals' perspectives influence how cities look and feel, it places a higher priority on unique city identities to improve urban quality of life. The primary objective of the research is to identify both the tangible and intangible dimension associated with the residents’ perception on image of the city. Lynch's theory aids in understanding tangible aspects, but placemaking and attachment to a place gives the intangible dimensions of the image. With the help of qualitative research techniques; literature reviews and case studies, the paper explores the common identity and priorities of urban residents on sense of place and place attachment. Two methods were used, i) Verbal Method: direct interviews and ii) Visual Method: self-observations and photographs of the identified objects/places to further understand the formation of place attachments. The case area Bhairahawa, in Lumbini Province is a well-known industrial and commercial powerhouse. Its cosmopolitan nature is influenced by the population's diversity, which includes five major castes and others. The study was conducted among respondents and triangulated using Group discussions and KIIs.
DEVELOPMENT DYNAMICS OF NEW TOWNS IN MID HILL HIGHWAY CORRIDOR: A CASE OF BASANTAPUR
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) GAUTAM, ALISHA
This comprehensive research report explores the intricate development journey of Basantapur, nestled in Nepal's Koshi province, with a particular focus on New Town; a Transformative Project by Government of Nepal. The report commences by providing a meticulous overview of the region's geographical, demographic, and developmental facets. Basantapur's strategic location at the crossroads of major highways positions it as a promising candidate for holistic expansion. The report scrutinizes the selection criteria for New Towns, including factors like land availability, water resources, population, literacy rates, and regional accessibility. It sheds light on the intriguing scoring and weighting of these criteria, particularly the relatively low weight given to population and migration and economic activities, despite their significant impact in the long run. Moving forward, the research explores the second objective of Basantapur New Town's IDP: improving residents' livelihoods through tourism, agriculture, and infrastructure development. Basantapur's tourism potential, owing to its natural beauty and cultural richness, is emphasized, alongside the importance of agriculture and infrastructure for economic growth. The report then investigates Basantapur's development dynamics since its designation as a New Town, examining urbanization trends, settlement patterns, land use planning, and the current development stage. Challenges such as funding constraints, governance issues, economic diversification and infrastructure improvement are identified. To address these challenges, this report of study recommends a midterm assessment of the project; along with the development in phases and construction of some large scale industries for business and employment. Other recommendations presented are securing additional funding, enhancing
A study on thermal performance of traditional residential buildings in Kathmandu Valley
(Institute of Engineering, Architecture, 2013) Bajracharya, Sushil B.
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Augmenting sustainability of ecovillages- A review of concepts and practices of ecovillage in local and regional contexts
(Institute of Engineering, Architecture, 2020) Singh, Bijay
Different interpretations of sustainability result in the sustainability gap between action implementation and policy-making. Among many local-level initiatives, the ecovillage concerns human actions and forwards sustainability. The research seeks a better understanding of the ecovillage's sustainability to mitigate the sustainability gap. The research was three-folded. The first part presented literature review of the ecovillage and developed three themes- resource management, community organisation and knowledge sharing, based on the collaboration between EVs and mainstream society. The second part presented Social System Theory as a supplement to the qualitative research process and reflect on the ecovillage's sustainability concerning its relationship with mainstream society. The third part comprises multiple case studies: Schloss Tempelhof, Hurdal Ecovillage, Bandipur Bazar and Jhong. They were analysed by reflecting on the narratives, EV themes, cultural value, and regional cooperation. The comparative analysis of cases illustrated different forms of sustainability in EV themes. Despite the collaboration with mainstream society, each case presented a unique process of collaboration. In Schloss Tempelhof and Jhong, actions were translated as parts of policies. In Hurdal EV, actions were transformed as per policies. In Bandipur Bazar, actions were transited into policies. They illustrated the difference in collaboration with mainstream society according to their ability to maintain local values and extents of their regional cooperation. The research concludes that actions serve two purposes- problem-solving and maintaining the societal values, and a criterion for the mitigation of the sustainability gap. Ecovillages remain intact through values and store the knowledge of means-selection in social norms, transferable across space and time. Furthermore, the mitigation of the sustainability gap requires understanding actions as the link between values and policies, and their interpretations through concrete entities. The research also interpretes the planning process as a causality of a selection of means, and goal settings based on local values and mainstream policies. Finally, from the practitioner's perspective, the research reveals some unexplored aspects of EV's sustainability.
Energy efficiency in urban landuse and transport planning for home-based daily trips, A case study of Kathmandu Valley
(Institute of Engineering, Architecture, 2020) Bajracharya, Ashim Ratna
Escalating transport energy demand is one of the major issues for the Kathmandu Valley, with a rapid increase in mobilization and urban sprawl. The Kathmandu Valley is the center for economic activities and educational opportunities where the daily trips that constitute work trips and educational trips have a dominant share. In this context, this research is aimed to study travel behavior, urban landuse and transport system in relation to transport energy demand for home-based daily trips, in the context of the Kathmandu Valley. Trip data of workers and students were collected from the household survey, carried out in different parts of the study area, using random sampling. Daily trips have a significant share in travel demand with about 2.1 million trips per day with modal share of private vehicles showing higher, as compared to other modes. Mode choice and trip length were studied in relation to the socio-economic and demographic background and it was found that the role of gender, age and income and household vehicle ownership were found to be influential to the travel behavior, more importantly for work trips. Travel behavior was studied in relation to urban form for the travel energy assessment. Work trips are observed to vary more spatially, than educational trips. The correlation analyses of work trips show that population density and public transport accessibility, are having little impact on travel energy, whereas increasing distance from the central business district is found to have a significant rise in travel energy. Four-Step Urban Transport Model, was developed to study the travel pattern in macro scale and for carrying out scenario analysis. The currently daily trips consume 3666 TJ annually. Cars and motorcycles contribute to most of consumption, accounting for over 80% of total transport energy. Current willingness to shift to Public Transport like Bus Rapid Transit System, leads to the reduction in transport energy up to 44% for trips along the zones with access to the service. With the balance between Trip Production and Attraction, whereby Employment and Educational Services are provided in accordance to travel demand of work and education trips, respectively, the reduction is achieved by 6%. The reduction is further increased significantly by shift from motorized private more to nonmotorized modes of transport. The research exemplifies the benefits of using travel behavior analysis and transport modelling for studying daily trips in macro scale, to promote energy efficiency in landuse and transport planning, in context of the Kathmandu Valley.
Housing for the Urban poor : The case of the Kathmandu Valley
(Institute of Engineering, Architecture Urban planning, 2011) Shrestha, Mahesh
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