Sociology

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14540/37

Browse

Recent Submissions

Now showing 1 - 20 of 1549
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    कास्की जिल्ला कारागारका बन्दीहरुको सामाजिक प्रक्रिया
    (2071) भानुभक्त पौडयाल; शिव बहादुर थापा
    प्रस्तुत शोधपत्र त्रिभुवन विश्व विद्यालय, मानविकी तथा समाजशास्त्र सङ्काय अन्तर्गत समाजशास्त्र मानवशास्त्र विभाग, समाजशास्त्र विषयको स्नातकोत्तर तह द्वितीय वर्षको आठौँ पत्रको प्रयोजनका लागि तयार गरिएको हो । यो शोधपत्र कारागारको बारेमा अध्ययन गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययन खास गरी कास्की जिल्ला कारागारका बन्दीहरुको सामाजिक प्रव्रिmया सम्बन्धी एक अध्ययन शीर्षक छनोट गरी अनुसन्धान प्रक्रिया अगाडि बढाइएको शोधपत्र मुख्यतयाः तिन उददेश्यमा केन्द्रित गरिएको छ । बन्दीहरुको सामाजिक, आर्थिक अवस्थाको विश्लेषण, अपराध प्रतिको बन्दीको दृष्टिकोण विश्लेषण गर्ने र अपराध गर्नाको कारण पत्ता लगाउने छ भने बन्दी जीवन पद्धति र कारागार व्यवस्थापन सम्बन्धी अध्ययन गरी विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । बन्दीहरुको अपराधप्रतिको दृष्टिकोण र समग्र कारागार समाज बुझने उद्देश्यका साथ गरिएको प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धान मानवीय संवेदनाको कोणबाट हेर्दा अत्यन्त आवश्यक महत्वपूर्ण र औचित्यपूर्ण छ । अझ हालसम्म सम्बन्धित अध्ययन, अनुसन्धान नभईरहेको अवस्थामा समय, जनशक्ति र आर्थिक अभावका कारणले सीमित गरिएको प्रस्तुत अध्ययन कास्की जिल्ला कारागारका जम्मा ५४६ बन्दीहरु मध्ये ४४ बन्दीमा आधारित रहेर यो अनुसन्धान प्रक्रिया सघन विधिलाई आधार बनाई अगाडि बढाइएको छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययन वर्णनात्मक र अन्वेषणात्मक पद्धतिमा आधारित छ । तथ्याङ्क स्रोत मध्ये प्राथमिक स्रोतलाई बढी जोड दिइएको छ जसले गर्दा अनुसन्धान बढी यथार्थपरक र वैज्ञानिक रहोस भनी सङ्कलनका प्राथमिक स्रोतमा लागि प्रश्नावली, अवलोकन र छलफल विधिको प्रयोग गरिएको भने द्वितीय स्रोतहरुमा प्रकाशित र अप्रकाशित लेख रचना र पुस्तकहरुमा समाविष्ट गरिएको छ । शोधपत्रका जम्मा ६ अध्याय र निम्न निष्कर्षहरु निकालिएको छः  बन्दीहरुको अन्य मुद्दा भन्दा लागुऔषध मुद्दामा पर्ने बढी छन । साथै कैदीको तुलनामा थुनुवाको सङ्ख्या बढी देखिन्छ ।  बन्दीहरुको युवा अवस्थामा (३५–४४वर्ष) अपराध गर्नेहरु बढी पाइएको छ । भने बृद्ध अवस्थामा अपराध गर्ने बन्दीहरुको सङ्ख्या कम रहेको पाइएको छ । छ  अविवाहितको तुलनामा विवाहितको सङ्ख्या बढीरहेको पाइयो साथै अन्य कारण भन्दा साथीसङ्गतको कारण अपराध गर्ने बन्दीहरुको सङ्ख्या बढी पाइएको छ ।  आर्थिक अवस्था धेरै कमजोर भए पनि आर्थिक कारणबाट हुने अपराधको सङ्ख्या भने कम रहेको पाइएको छ ।  कारागारबाट दिइने सुविधाले नपुग्नेहरुमध्ये केही त्यही आयआर्जन गरेर र केही घरबाट खर्च मगाएर जीवन गुजारा गरेका छन कोही त्यसै निर्वाह गरी दिन बिताउन बाध्य भएको पाइन्छ । परिवार, इष्टमित्रको नकारात्मक दृष्टिकोणका कारण केही बन्दीहरु घर परिवारको भेटमा वञ्चित रहेका छन ।  बन्दी र कर्मचारीबिचको सम्बन्ध राम्रो भएको पाइएको छ ।  बन्दीहरुको मुख्य समस्याको रुपमा रहेको कारागारको भौतिक सुधार, खानेपानी, भवन निर्माण, शौचालय, स्नानगृह आदि रहेका छन ।  बन्दीहरु कारागारबाट छुटेपछि बन्दीले व्यवसाय र वैदेशिक रोजगारका लागि अपनाएर जीवनयापन गर्ने सङ्कल्प लिइएको पाइएको छ ।  हाम्रो समुदायमा समुदायका सदस्यहरुको बन्दीहरुप्रति हेर्ने दृष्टिकोण र धारणाले गर्दा समुदायप्रति बढी मात्रामा सशंकित छन् ।  प्रस्तुत विषयमा गरिएको अध्ययनको निष्कर्षलाई निम्नअनुसार संश्ले षण गरिएको छ । बन्दीहरुको ज्ञान, सिप र क्षमताको स्तर निम्न रहेको, आत्म विश्वास सुधार रहेको भावी जीवनभरि आशावादी हुन सकेको र गरिब तथा विपन्न बन्दीहरुको खाना र स्वास्थ्यको समस्या सामान्य अवस्थामा रहेको छ ।  बन्दीहरुमा अपराध गराईप्रति पश्चाताप गर्नु र ती जेल जीवनबाट मुक्त भइसकेपछि परिवार तथा समाजका निम्ति सकारात्मक भूमिका निर्वाह गर्नुपर्छ भन्ने विचार र भावनाको विकास भएको पाइयो ।
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Social dimensions of food insecurity and coping strategies; A case of nepal
    (2025) Thapa, Chandra Bahadur; Pramod Bhatta
    Food Security in Nepal is improving over the period. However, there is still high level of malnutrition and food insecurity in the country which varies with the socio-economic and geographical location of the households. In order to target programme and policies effectively,evidence are required about what types of households are most affected by food insecurity. This study provides evidences how social dimensions such as gender of household head, caste/ ethnicity, size of household, education of household head, income, place of residence (urban versus rural), ecological belt (mountain, hill and terai) are associated with the food insecurity through a systematic analysis.Further, the study also assessed the types of coping mechanismsadopted by different ethnic/caste groups to manage food insecurity situation. In order to contribute to generate evidences on those aspects, analysis of Nepal Living Standard Survey (NLSS) 2011 andNLSS IV 2024 data wasdone. The analysis revealed that lower-income household; those with less educated household head, large family size, households residing in mountains, and rural residents are significantly more vulnerable to food insecurity. Analysis showed that the food insecurity decreases by increased level of education of household head;completing an education level of 11 or higher leads to 62.7% lower odds of experiencing food insecurity than the illiterate household head, indicating the impact of education on reducing food insecurity. Moreover, the food insecurity decreases as the household income increases; there is 82.6% lower odds of experiencing food insecurity by the households belonging to fifth quintile as compared to first quintile. Likewise, compared to urban residents, the rural residents are more likely to face food insecurityby 26%. The geographical belt showed that households in the mountain face more food insecurity.Additionally, caste and ethnic disparities further exacerbate food insecurity. However, there was no significant association in the food insecurity to gender of household head.The study highlights the coping mechanism adopted by insecure households, including reducing meal size, consuming less nutritious food, borrowing money or food and selling of assets to cope during food insecurity. The study contributes to existing knowledge on food insecurity in Nepal by providing empirical evidence of its socio-economic determinants. Considering the findings, development practitioners and policy makers should consider where better targeting of food securityprogramme could be done. Targeting to the residents of mountain, Dalits, illiterate and rural households could be prioritized. Key words: Food Insecurity, Gender, Ethnicity, Education, Income, Coping strategy.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Impact of covid-19 on family relationships in Dhangadhi Sub- metropolitan city, Kailali district
    (2024) Acharya, Usmita; Manahari Dhakal
    Not available
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Forms and Response on Sexual Harassment among the Girls of Secondary School of Sunsari, Nepal
    (2024) Bostola, Bipana Kumari; Tikaram Gautam
    Not available
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Transformatory potentials of the commune; Narratives on collectivization and its social sustainability in Thabang Rolpa, nepal
    (2024) Silwal, Keshab Raj; Youbaraj Luitel
    This dissertation explores the social sustainability of the Ajambari commune in Thabang, Rolpa, with a notable focus on conscientization and the transformation of society. The primary goals of this study include analyzing the core narratives that underpin the commune system and the distinct local expressions within Thabang's community. The research also seeks to uncover the interconnectedness between communal living, collective farming, and cooperative endeavors. Furthermore, the study explores the ongoing existence of the Ajambari commune in Thabang, Rolpa, and considers the potential for its replication. The initial inspiration for the commune's collective approach links to Freire's consciousnessraising process. Conscientization, as defined by Freire, aims to liberate individuals from everyday exploitation by raising their awareness and empowering them to take control of their circumstances and embrace the potential for change (Freire, 1972). It is closely tied to social transformation, which encompasses various changes in society's structure, ranging from macro to micro levels and interconnecting dimensions such as politics, economics, technology, and culture (Sztompka, 1993; Castles, 2010). Marx's perspective on social change focuses on the transformation of the mode of production and its connection to class struggle (Marx, 1848). For these changes to be sustainable, social sustainability goes beyond the present generation's needs and emphasizes efforts to meet the basic needs of future generations (Brundtland, 1987). Key attributes of social sustainability include class dynamics, participation and decisionmaking, social interaction and cohesion, a sense of belongingness, and future perspectives (Sachs, 1999; Putnam, 2000; Dempsey et al., 2009; Cuthill, 2010). The research utilized a qualitative design to explore and interpret social reality, adopting a constructivist perspective epistemologically and a subjective stance ontologically (Flick, 2009; Lee, 2012; Al-Ababneh, 2020). Focusing on Thabang in the Rolpa district, a region pivotal in the 1996 Maoist insurgency, the predominantly Kham Magar-populated area included a minority of Dalits. Data collection involved household surveys, encompassing all commune households, and employed diverse methodological tools such as semi-structured and keyinformant interviews, observations, and document studies, a comprehensive understanding of Thabang's social reality emerged, capturing the perspectives and experiences of its residents. The Maoists decided to establish the commune as a unit of socialism, an alternative to private ownership in their base area where they had a strong hold and the established government was absent. This was the social transformation envisioned by the Maoists as discussed by Marx, which called for a classless society with a socialist economy (Marx & Engels, 1848) and a fundamental change in society (Sztompka, 1992; Portes, 2010; Haas et al., 2020), rather than gradual change. However, local people did not perceive it as only an ideology, but rather as a means to solve their daily problems. The Ajamabri commune practiced communal living, collective farming, and co-operatives which reinforced the commune. Initially, the Maoist leaders, supporters, and families of martyrs and common people were willing to become part of the commune. The majority of members belonged to the higher and middle class with more land holdings, higher education levels, higher political engagement, and a leading role in the commune. Those who were uneducated and owned less land were particularly hesitant to join. The fact that Dalits were not invited to join the commune indicates that there was still discrimination between higher and lower castes in Thabang during the Maoist insurgency. The commune struggled with economic challenges while modernizing and commercializing its agriculture. The Ajambari commune couldn't sustain itself due to lacking some attributes of social sustainability including conflicts during its formation, economic difficulties, the impact of a peace agreement, the Maoist party's decision to dissolve the "People's government" and the commune, changes in social classes, reduced a sense of belongingness, and a decline in prospects. In Thabang, replicating the commune was seen as complex, and members were liberated and pursued individual activities after leaving. Despite being a unique socialist experiment, the Ajambari commune couldn't maintain itself in the long run.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    अपाङ्गता भएका बालबालिकाको प्राथमिक शिक्षामा पहुँच (कीर्तीपुर नगरपालिकाका एक अध्ययन)
    (2081) रोकाया, देवी; पासाङ शेर्पा
    अपाङगता भएका बालबालिकाको प्राथमिक शिक्षामा पहुँच” कीर्तीपुर नगरपालिकाको एक अध्ययन नामक शिर्षकको यो शोधपत्र कीर्तिपुर नगरपालिकामा रहेको अपांगता भएका बालबालिकाको शिक्षाको पहुँच कस्तो छ भन्ने विषया केन्द्रित रहि तयार पारिएको छ । मुख्य रुपमा यस शोधपत्रमा सम्बन्धित क्षेत्रका अपांगता भएका विद्यार्थी तथा शिक्षकहरुलाई उत्तरदाताको रुपमा लिइएको छ । उत्तरदाताको प्रतिक्रिया थाहा पाउन रुजुसूची र अन्तवार्ता प्रश्नावलीलाई साधनका रुपा लिइएको थियो । त्यसको लागि अध्ययनकर्ता सम्बन्धि क्षेत्रमा उपस्थित भई रुजुसूचि भराइएको र अन्तवार्ता प्रश्नावलीको माध्यमबाट उत्तरदाताको प्रतिक्रिया संकलन गरिएको थियो । यसरी प्राप्त तथ्याङ्गहरुलाई प्रतिशतको माध्यमबाट व्याख्या विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । अध्ययनबाट प्राप्त प्राप्तिलाई केलाउदा किर्तिपुर नगरपालिका भित्र रहका तीन ओटा विद्यालय क्रमश लेबोरेटरी माध्यमिक विद्यालय,मस्तिष्क पक्षाघात स्वावलम्वन अभिभावक समुह, बाल कल्याण विद्यालय, धैरै जसो बालबालिकाहरुको शिक्षा प्राप्त गरीरहेको पाएको छ । ति मध्ये ७८.५८ प्रतिशत बालबालिकाहरु विद्यालय गएको पाइयो र त्याहाँ उनिहरुको लागि अपांग भएका बालबालिकाहरुका लागि आवश्यक भौतिक पुर्वधार आवश्यकता शैक्षिक सामाग्री प्राप्त रुपमा भएको पाईयो र २१.४२ प्रतिशत बालबालिका र नियमित रुपमा विद्यालय नगएको पाईयो यसरी समग्र रुपमा हेर्दा अपांगता भएका बालबालिकाहरुा शिक्षाको पहुँच पु¥याउन राज्यले थप नीति तथा योजनाहरुको व्यवस्था गर्ने तथा भएका ऐन कानुनहरुलाई प्रभावकारी रुपमा प्रचार प्रसार गरि सबलाई जानकारी गराउनु आवश्यक रहेको दखिन्छ । अपागता भएका बालबालिका हरुलाई सजिलै विद्यालय जान सक्न गरि शिक्षा व्यवस्था गर्नु पर्ने सुझाव दिइएको छ ।
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Structural- frnctional role of Majhesewa ( A case study of Majhi of Sindhupalchok district
    (2024) Paudel, Laxman; Drona Budhathoki
    The major objectives of this study entitled “Structural-Functional Role of Majhesawa: A Case Study of Majhi of Sindhupalchok District” was to findstructural-functional role of Majhesawa, to find out reasons behind not continuing Majhesawa nowadays and to investigate what efforts have been made to continue Majhesawa. The design of the study was qualitative in Nature. I selected Indrawati Rural Municipality and Sunkoshi Rural Municipality of Sindhupalchok district for research field. Purposive sampling method was used to select the sample. I selected 12 Majhi Purohit/Mijars, 5 members of Mukhiya system in Majhi community, 5 Majhi leaders and 48 Majhi youths. I used focused group discussion (FGD), interview and field observation as data collection tools and triedto find out the real field data. After analysis of data, I found that Majhesawa hasvital role make uniformity in Majhi culture, tradition and rituals, it is means ofprotecting rights of weak people in Majhi community and it is means for Majhipeople to arise their weak voice. Due to weak unity among Mahi communityinfluence of culture and tradition of other religions, the indigenous Majhi peoples’customary law and institutions are on the stage of extinction. For the restoration ofMajhesawa, the work of forming Majhesawa committee in Sindhupalchok districtis conducted as a campaign and procedure are being prepared forinstitutionalization, plans are being made to organize program such as discussion, training. The constitution of Nepal does not prohibit the restoration and operation of customary institution such as Majhesawa.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Prohibition on marijuana cultivation and its role in sparking the maoist conflict in western Nepal: A sociological inquiry
    (2026) Sharma, Narayan Prasad; Mina Devi Uprety
    Nepal outlawed the cultivation, production and trade of marijuana (cannabis) in 1976 largely in response to rising international pressure, emanating particularly from the United States and global anti-narcotics initiatives attributable to the "War on Drugs". This sudden policy switch was enforced with little attention to our local realities, especially in economically delicate regions like Rukum, Rolpa, Myagdi and Baglung as well as other mid-western hill districts. There, marijuana has served not only as a lucrative cash crop but also a key cultural epithet. Cannabis farming constituted one of the few viable sources of dependable income for thousands of rural households in areas marked by limited arable land, poor market access and scant infrastructure. Its ban abruptly ended this crucial livelihood base, plunging the local growers into abject poverty and exacerbating already precarious living conditions. The absence of alternative employment programs, effective development initiatives or state-led compensation aggravated the already existing financial insecurity and reified the perceptions of abandonment by the central government. Hence, this policy departure abruptly sealed off one of the few credible ways that the rural households in highland villages could generate cash in environments where traditional agriculture offered little hope. Countless families - who had conventionally depended on small-scale cannabis sales to buy essential commodities like salt, spices, oil, clothing, foodgrains, medicine or school items - suddenly found themselves without buffer. Instead of rolling out replacement income programs, targeted rural investment or extensive service for new crops, the officials relied on enforcement resources on abolishment, while leaving economic rehabilitation largely unaddressed. The resulting misery broadened an already wide gulf existing between the indigenous hill communities and the administrative centre in the capital. These regions were already burdened by structural adversities, including landlessness, exploitative tenancy arrangements, food insecurity and insufficient access to schools, roads and healthcare facilities. The sudden loss of a steady income stream spurred by marijuana ban further compounded these challenges, eroding household resilience and deepening social distress. As state authority was implemented mainly through punitive measures rather than service delivery or livelihood support, many rural communities began viewing the government as a coercive, distant and indifferent entity, insensitive to their survival concerns. Such conditions proved fertile for anti-state actors like the the belligerent Maoists for mobilizing the public behind their flag. When the Maoist insurgency erupted in 1996, it drew heavily on the popular discontent of underserved rural populaces in western Nepal, i.e. the erstwhile Rapti and Dhaulagiri zones. With a fair degree of success, the rebels portrayed the marijuana bans as emblematic of Kathmandu-centric governance that put international agenda above the local welfare. By tying the ban to broader accounts of political exclusion, class oppression and economic exploitation the Maoist columns were able to resonate with communities that had experienced crippling livelihood losses. As its result, the mid-western regions, especially the likes of Rukum and Rolpa, became the hotbeds of insurgent activity. These districts had been harshly affected by economic inactivity following the ban and were also marked by minimal state presence and hostile terrain, which fostered insurgency operations. This leftist messaging further promised economic justice, recognition of traditional cultural practices and land reforms, thereby enabling the movement to rally itself as a champion of rural interests and cultural autonomy. Internationally driven drug control measures also played an oversized role in shaping these undesirable outcomes. By imposing uniform solutions with no regard for local socioeconomic realities, external anti-drug initiatives yielded unintended consequences that disproportionately hurt the vulnerable communities. This disconnection between global priorities and local livelihoods fomented growing resistance against both the state which was seen as a conduit for external influence. The marijuana ban thus illuminates the risks of top-down policymaking in the marginalized and conflict-prone zones. The failure to fuse enforcement and development strategies and the absence of viable transition pathways for affected populations not only deepened poverty but also fostered popular unrest. Thus, Nepal's 10-year-long civil war proves how long-term economic deprivation, when coupled with political exclusion and ideological mobilization, may build up to an armed insurgency. In sum, while the ban on cannabis farming was not the sole driver of Maoist conflict, it served as a key catalyst that magnified the existing socioeconomic and political tensions in the western part of Nepal. By stripping the underserved communities of a vital source of lifeline without offering credible alternatives, the state inadvertently reinforced public grievances which the Maoists effectively mobilized afterwards. Thus, this episode underscores the significance of context-sensitive policymaking and inclusive development policies in preventing any future conflict and fostering long-term stability.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Women and decision making ; A Household level study of Mushar community, Janakpurdham Submetropolita city-1 Dhanusha
    (2024) Jha. Bandana; Manahari Dhakal
    This thesis entitled "Women and Decision Making: A Household Level Study ofMushar Community,Janakpurdham Sub metropolitancity-1,Dhanusha.Although females covermore than half of the country’s population,the patri archalideologyholdsa rigid and discriminated concept about the roles of women in decision making. The women are confined to the secondary role sand are no li beralin terms of the irmo bility and their access to decision making even within their house-holds. So, this topic was selected to analyze the role of wome nin household decision making in the Janakpurdham Sub metropolitancity-1, Dhanusha. The specific objective of the study was to examine the existing socio-economic status of women in the study area and torealize role of women in household decision making .Descriptive research design was used in this study. 87 respondents were selected, all female were chosen by the use of purposive sampling method. The extent of Mushar women’s participation in household decision-making is significantly influenced by a combination of factors including their literacy levels, early marriage, experiences off oodscarcity,malnutrition, and the my riaddomestic responsibility est he yshoulder.The study was basically based on field survey. Method of primary data collection was household survey, observation and key information interview. Simple statistical toolslike percentage were used for quantitative data analysis. It was found in the study that women are not involved in decision making in household and those who participate said that their participation is only moderate. Male have control over all the important matters within and outside the household. Women are only involved in such decisionswhichhavenoeconomicvaluesandassignedastheirrolewithinthehousehold.Onthebasis of the finding of the study, different recommendations have been suggested to government, political parties, NGOs/ INGOs/ CBOs and local people to in crease women’sparticipationinhouse hold decision making process.The educational status of respondents is not good. Property rights for women are limited, especially among the Mushar community. Due to a lack of higher education, Mushar women predominantly engagein agriculture,ye the ypossessless decision-making uthority compared to theirmale counterparts.While Mushar women exhibitsignifi cantdecision-making power incertain activities, men generally hold superior roles in most variables. Household decision-
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Women's role in household decision making: a case study from Ichangu Narayan VDC of Kathmandu district
    (2012) Shrestha, Kushma; Surendra Mishra
    Not available
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Farmers' participation in irrigation management ( a case study of tarawali irrigation scheme, ghermu Lamjung)
    (2013) Kaini, Santosh; Mr. Tej Prasad Subedi
    he natural increase in world population is 84 million per year. In the other hand, agricultural land is decreasing due to urbanization, natural disasters, climatic variations as well as other reasons. 80 - 90% of the required increase in food production will have to be realized on existing cultivated land in coming decades. This shows that there is urgent need of irrigation management. Farmers' participation is one the crucial factors for the sustainable irrigation management. This research is focused in the farmers' participation in Tarawali Irrigation Scheme management, located in remote part (Ghermu VDC) of Lamjung district where almost all the farmers are of gurung community. Interview checklist, observation and interview with key informants were used for the primary data collection. As the total number of households in the Tarawali Irrigation Scheme is 72, census survey was done in all 72 households of this irrigation scheme. It was found that most of the households (46%) have land in between 0.25 ha and less than 0.5 ha. Those farmers who have fewer fields to grow crops grow vegetables in others' field that have more land. They should not give money or crops to the land owner but they just need to put manure in that field. 21 households have not participated in any training conducted in the Tarawali Irrigation Scheme. In contrast, more than 58% of the households have taken trainings twice or more times conducted in this scheme.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Experience of stigma and discrimination by people living with HIV
    (2024) Shakya, Prabin; Madhusudan Subedi
    HIV stigma denotes to the irrational or negative beliefs, attitudes, behavior and judgment towards people living with HIV (PLHIV) followed by discrimination which is the biased and partial treatment of PLHIV having context specific manifestation and diverse impacts. This study aimed to assess the lived experience of HIV stigma and discrimination, identity issues its impact, factors, support system and coping mechanism. A descriptive and exploratory study design was made with qualitative data collected among 60 PLHIV (49 female and 11 male respondents). The qualitative data were collected by using open ended structured questionnaire. The data gathered were analyzed using a thematic meaning making approach to form the results of the study. It was concluded that the research respondent undergoes the identity crisis after the discovery of HIV due to different contextual factors like physical appearance, lack of knowledge about HIV, self-shaming, absence of social and economic support that lowers their self-esteem, confidence and status. Simultaneously, the respondents rebuild their identity based on their personal resilience, selective and limited disclosure, silent and secrecy, coping mechanisms, outreach and support mechanism through people and organization and access to available resources which is the positive aspects that impact the life of PLHIV. Furthermore, they focused on the health, social and economic aspects of their lives and these enabled them to gradually reconstruct their identity. The thesis pursues to back contributions in the sociology HIV stigma and discrimination. It also seeks to revise the perspectives of symbolic interactionism to better understand the emotive and embodied nature of identity processes in HIV stigma and discrimination.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Practices of 'Living together' in Kathmandu Valley
    (2024) Devkota, Narayani; Youba Raj Luitel
    In this dissertation, I am going to focused on living together relationship between urban people, particularly focused on Kathmandu valley. Conceptually, living together is a relationship between two individual living as a couple without socio-cultural and legal recognition, and they haven’t socio-cultural and legal right and responsibility too. They shared everything such as household responsibility, economic condition, sexual desire and pleasure without socio-cultural and legal recognition. There are various words as synonyms of “living together”. In this Thesis time and again these all name will be use as synonyms of living together as a relationship between two individuals who live in same private sphere for more than a six month, share physical, economic and emotional attachment without social, cultural and legal recognition. Methodologically, information of this paper are field based qualitative data through the in-depth interview with 20 respondents who are living in living together relationship and Key Informant interview with those individual who are directly engage on this issue. Respondent and Key Informant were selected through the propulsive sampling specially snowball sampling. This thesis first, covers social factors which encourage individual to practices of living together; such as how the introduced first, development of love between Partner, how they decide for living together, which factor encourage to live together (such as not clear in long time relationship, interest to live without family relationship, gender division of labor, symbolic domination toward women in marital relationship, legal hurdle to get marriage, economic support in living, economic burden on marriage, skip from the child birth and bearing or trust issues). And in second the everyday reality in the process of living together, such as how they introduce their relation with in a society, who work the domestic work, what and who work for earning, their interest to get marriage, challenges in a living together, possibility of extra affair while they are in living relationship with partner’s family member, (such as parents, sibling, children), expectation of children, use of Contraceptive, management of misunderstanding. In preliminary finding there are a huge diversity within living together relationship. They have different experience in various part of the research. Key words: Marriage, Living together, Social realities.